THE CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE INITIATIVE: A JOINT COLLABORATION DESIGNED TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF CARE DELIVERED BY DOCTORS OF CHIROPRACTIC
 
   

The Clinical Practice Guideline Initiative: A Joint
Collaboration Designed to Improve the Quality of
Care Delivered by Doctors of Chiropractic

This section is compiled by Frank M. Painter, D.C.
Send all comments or additions to:
   Frankp@chiro.org
 
   

FROM:   J Can Chiropr Assoc 2013 (Dec); 57 (4): 279–284 ~ FULL TEXT

  OPEN ACCESS   


André Bussières, DC, MSc, PhD, FCCS(C) and Kent Stuber, DC, MSc

CCRF Professorship in Rehabilitation Epidemiology,
Assistant Professor,
School of Physical and Occupational Therapy,
Faculty of Medicine, McGill University,
Département chiropratique,
Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières.



Introduction:

One important reason patients consult primary care professionals, including general practitioners and chiropractors, is for musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions. [1] Musculoskeletal conditions (spinal pain, consequences of injuries, osteoporosis, and arthritis) result in an enormous social, psychological, and economic burden to society [1–8], and are the leading cause of physical disability. [9] Chiropractic is a regulated health profession (serving approximately 10% of the population) [10] that has contributed to the health and well-being of North Americans for over a century.

Despite available evidence for optimal management of back and neck pain [11–13], poor adherence to clinical practice guidelines and wide variations in services have been noted. [12, 14, 15] Utilization of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) is an important way to help implement research findings into clinical practice. Guidelines aim to describe appropriate care based on the best available scientific evidence and broad consensus while promoting efficient use of resources. [16, 17] These tools have the potential to improve the quality and safety of healthcare. [18, 19]

Over a decade ago, the Canadian Chiropractic Association (CCA) and the Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Education Accrediting Boards (CFCREAB or Federation) launched the CPG project to develop clinical practice guidelines in order to improve chiropractic care delivery in Canada. Guidelines developed by the CPG project include the management of neck pain due to whiplash injuries [20], headaches [21], and neck pain not due to whiplash [22, 23] (an update of which is expected by the end of 2013).

Recent advances in methods to conduct knowledge synthesis [24], derive evidence-based recommendations [25], adapt high quality guidelines [26], and increase the uptake of Clinical Practice Guidelines [27, 28] have prompted an update of the DIER (development, dissemination, implementation, evaluation, and revision) Plan published in the JCCA (Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association) in 2004. [29] The 140 page report was submitted to the stakeholders of the Guideline Initiative for consideration. The report updates the structure, methods and procedures for the development, dissemination and implementation of clinical practice guidelines in chiropractic. It is anticipated that new updates will be necessary as the art and science of guideline development, dissemination and implementation continue to evolve and new standards are established. The Full Report will be available on the new Guideline Initiative website, expected to be up and running in the first quarter of 2014.

This is the first paper of a two part presentation of the Guideline Initiative and its expected deliverables. The second paper will present the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation framework which will be the foundation of the Initiative. We intend to engage clinicians, leaders and decision makers in the profession right from the beginning as integral participants of the overall strategy to enhance patient care.



Overall purpose of the Guideline Initiative:

The overall purpose is to develop evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines and to facilitate the utilization of these and existing guidelines among chiropractors. Further, it aims to enhance academic, clinical and research partnerships to help close the gap between research knowledge and its implementation in clinical practice in order to improve health outcomes.



Scope

The scope of the Guideline Initiative is limited to non-specific MSK conditions commonly seen by chiropractors including adult spinal and extremity disorders, headaches, pediatric conditions (scoliosis), and pre-specified objectives (e.g., assessment and/or treatment of low back pain). Studies on musculoskeletal disorders resulting from destructive and progressive pathologies affecting the spine will be excluded. However, diagnostic and assessment studies related to ruling out fractures, dislocations and other pathologies will be included in the scope of the Guideline Initiative.



Fundamental principles and values

Principles and values behind the process are as follows:

Guidelines produced by the Guideline Initiative will be developed using the best available evidence and involving stakeholders in a transparent and collaborative manner. Stakeholders include professional organizations, health care professionals, consumers, and organizations that fund or carry out research. CPGs should address multiple dimensions of decision making. Providing open access to products developed by the Guideline Initiative (e.g., technical reports, guidelines, practitioner guides, and tools to facilitate dissemination and implementation) is one of the primary principles.

Despite significant challenges related to the management of chronic MSK conditions and associated comorbidities, a large proportion of chiropractors are solo practitioners. Management of these complex conditions requires inter-professional collaborations to improve the probability of favorable patient outcomes. Work undertaken by the Initiative will reflect the fact that an increasing number of chiropractors practice in multidisciplinary environments in the private sector, and more recently in the public setting as well.

The Institute of Medicine (2011) recently revised the definition of Clinical practice guidelines as:

Statements that include recommendations intended to optimize patient care that are informed by a systematic review of evidence and an assessment of the benefits and harm of alternative care options’. [30]



Primary objectives of the Guideline Initiative

  1. To identify existing best practices for the management of patients with MSK conditions in the area of primary care AND to identify clinical areas where there is a need to develop best practice guidelines.

    Sub-objectives

    • To complete systematic searches and critical reviews of the scientific literature on MSK conditions, including the epidemiology, assessment/diagnosis, prognosis, economic costs when possible, and treatment of MSK disorders;

    • To identify and compare the relative risks of treatments (harm) of MSK conditions;

    • To develop guideline recommendations using a process that is scientifically sound and takes into account the views of end users (clinicians and patients), leaders/decision makers, and third party payers.

    • To integrate the evidence on harm/benefit trade-off with patient preferences.

  2. To promote the use of best available evidence and expert consensus to inform clinical decision making in order to improve the quality of care of patients with MSK conditions.

    Sub-objectives

    • To develop knowledge translation strategies and to help disseminate and implement these to increase guideline utilization, thus improving patient care and health.

  3. To complete original Knowledge Translation (KT) research to assess the level of uptake of CPG recommendations.



Target audience

The primary audience for the use of the guidelines are chiropractors (and their patients). The Guideline Initiative acknowledges that a secondary audience may take considerable interest in the recommendations, including other health disciplines, third party payers, attorneys and expert witnesses.



Structure of the Guideline Initiative

Diagram 1 illustrates the structure of the Initiative.


Diagram 1.   Structure of the Guideline Initiative




Composition of the Guideline Initiative working groups

There is consistent empirical evidence that the composition of guideline development groups influence the resulting recommendations. Further, the Institute of Medicine recommends developing patient-centered guidelines using multidisciplinary and international collaborations (IOM, 2011). The Guideline Initiative includes individuals from all relevant professional groups, and has established a partnership, the North-Atlantic Research Consortium (NARC), uniting researchers from four other countries (Denmark, Norway, Switzerland, UK) to help develop, disseminate and implement CPGs among chiropractors.



Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs)

Since the first LBP guideline was released in 1987 by the Quebec Task Force, there has been a steady worldwide interest, resulting in the publication of numerous CPGs in several countries over the past decades. More recent published CPGs are of better quality, although there remain areas of discrepancy between available guidelines that need to be resolved. Few guidelines created for chiropractors currently exist, and some of these are now outdated. Topics covered include: Neck pain with and without whiplash, Headaches, Diagnostic imaging, and Low back pain. CPGs should address multiple dimensions of decision making, including: effectiveness; harm; quality of life; health-service delivery issues (i.e., dissemination and implementation), provider and patient compliance, and resources, use and cost. Guidelines produced by the Guideline Development Group (GDG) will be developed using the best available evidence and involving stakeholders and health disciplines in a transparent and collaborative manner. Stakeholders include professional organizations, clinicians, consumers, and organizations that fund or carry out research.

Knowledge Translation:   Despite available evidence for optimal management of MSK conditions, poor adherence to guidelines and wide variations in services have been noted across spine care providers. [31, 32] Similar gaps (between what works and what is done in daily practice) have been observed for other conditions across the health care system in industrialized countries. [33–35] Closing the research-practice gap involves modifying clinical practice, a complex and challenging endeavour of Knowledge Translation (KT). Putting knowledge into practice is a dynamic, iterative, and complex process. Success requires an integrated approach where all involved parties work together to select, tailor, and implement KT procedures.

      Knowledge Translation Research

KT research is the scientific study of the determinants, processes and outcomes of dissemination and implementation. [36] The Guideline Dissemination/Implementation Group (GIG) will aim to regularly publish its work in peer reviewed journals.

      Deliverables of the Guideline Initiative

Deliverables of the Guideline Initiative during the next 4 years will include:

  1. the dissemination and assisting with the implementation of the new Neck Pain Guideline,

  2. the development of a clinical practice guideline on treatment-based classification systems for low back pain, and

  3. updating an existing CCA-Federation CPG.

It is important to acknowledge that completion of projects undertaken by the Guideline Initiative is to a large extent contingent on both the work produced by a number of collaborators of the Guideline Initiative and ongoing funding from stakeholders.

Already, work is underway to ensure that these objectives are met. Progress made on projects undertaken by the Initiative will be regularly monitored. The Strategic work plan will be formally reviewed at the end of 2013 to identify areas of risk and modify the plan accordingly. The Strategic work plan will be assed annually thereafter.

It should be noted that both the Strategic Work Plan and the Full Report of the Guideline Initiative are living documents and continue to be updated regularly. A Gantt Project Management model will be used to help manage the various projects of the Initiative.

Questions regarding the Guideline Initiative, supporting documents and projects may be directed to Dr. André Bussières DC, PhD, FCCS(C), Editor-In–Chief of the Guideline Initiative at: ac.lligcm@sereissub.erdna


Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge Dr. Francine Denis DC for reviewing this manuscript.



References:

  1. McBeth J, Jones K.
    Epidemiology of chronic musculoskeletal pain.
    Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007;21:403–425

  2. Ferrari R, Russell AS.
    Regional musculoskeletal conditions: neck pain.
    Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:57–70

  3. Hogg-Johnson, S, van der Velde, G, Carroll, LJ et al.
    The Burden and Determinants of Neck Pain in the General Population:
    Results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010 Task Force on
    Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders

    Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 (Feb 15); 33 (4 Suppl): S39–51

  4. Asche C, Kirkness C, McAdam-Marx C, Fritz J.
    The societal costs of low back pain: data published between 2001 and 2007.
    J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2007;21:25–33

  5. Dagenais S, Caro J, Haldeman S.
    A Systematic Review of Low Back Pain Cost of Illness Studies
    in the United States and Internationally

    Spine J 2008 (Jan); 8 (1): 8–20

  6. Mäkelä M, Heliövaara M, Sievers K, Knekt P, Maatela J, Aromaa A.
    Musculoskeletal disorders as determinants of disability in Finns aged 30 years or more.
    J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46:549–559

  7. Holm LW, Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Hogg-Johnson S, Côté P, Guzman J, Peloso P et al.
    The Burden and Determinants of Neck Pain in Whiplash-associated Disorders
    After Traffic Collisions: Results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010
    Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders

    Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 (Feb 15); 33 (4 Suppl): S52-59

  8. Luo X, Pietrobon R, Sun SX, Liu GG, Hey L.
    Estimates and Patterns of Direct Health Care Expenditures Among Individuals
    With Back Pain in the United States

    Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004 (Jan 1); 29 (1): 79–86

  9. Jacobs J, Andersson G, Bell J, Weinstein S, Dormans J, Furman M, Lane N, Puzas J.
    The burden of musculoskeletal diseases in the United States.
    Prevalence, societal and economic costs. The Bone and Joint Decade.
    http://www.boneandjointburden.org/chapter_downloads/index.htm 2008.

  10. McManus E, Mior S.
    Impact of provincial subsidy changes on chiropractic utilization in Canada.
    Chiropr Educ. 2013;27:73.

  11. Koes BW, van Tulder M, Lin CW, Macedo LG, McAuley J, Maher C.
    An Updated Overview of Clinical Guidelines for the Management
    of Non-specific Low Back Pain in Primary Care

    European Spine Journal 2010 (Dec); 19 (12): 2075–2094

  12. Hurwitz, EL, Carragee, EJ, van der Velde, G et al.
    Treatment of Neck Pain: Noninvasive Interventions:
    Results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010
    Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders

    Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 (Feb 15); 33 (4 Suppl): S123–152

  13. Nordin M, Carragee EJ, Hogg-Johnson S, Weiner SS, Hurwitz EL, Peloso PM, et al.
    Assessment of Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders:
    Results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010 Task Force
    on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders

    Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 (Feb 15); 33 (4 Suppl): S101–S122

  14. Haldeman S, Dagenais S.
    A Supermarket Approach to the Evidence-informed Management
    of Chronic Low Back Pain

    Spine Journal 2008 (Jan); 8 (1): 1–7

  15. Hurwitz EL, Chiang LM.
    A Comparative Analysis of Chiropractic and General Practitioner
    Patients in Noth America: Findings From the Joint Canada/
    United States Survey of Health, 2002-03

    BMC Health Serv Res 2006 (Apr 6); 6: 49

  16. Field M, Lohr K.
    National Academy Press. 1990.
    Clinical Practice Guidelines: Directions for a New Program; p. 38.

  17. Woolf SH, Grol R, Hutchinson A, Eccles M, Grimshaw J.
    Clinical guidelines: potential benefits, limitations, and harms of clinical guidelines.
    BMJ Clinical Research Ed. 1999;318:527–530

  18. Lugtenberg M, Burgers JS, Westert GP.
    Effects of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on quality of care: a systematic review.
    Qual Saf Health Care. 2009;18:385–392

  19. Grimshaw J, Russell I.
    Effect of clinical guidelines on medical practice: a systematic review of rigorous evaluations.
    Lancet. 1993;342:1317–1322

  20. Shaw L, Descarreaux M, Bryans R, Duranleau M, Marcoux H, Potter B, Ruegg R.
    A Systematic Review of Chiropractic Management of Adults with
    Whiplash Associated Disorders: Recommendations for Advancing
    Evidence-based Practice and Research

    Work. 2010;35:369–94

  21. Bryans R, Descarreaux M, Duranleau M, Marcoux H, Potter B, Ruegg R, Shaw L.
    Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Chiropractic Treatment of Adults With Headache
    J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2011 (Jun); 34 (5): 274–289

  22. CCA•CFCREAB-CPG GDC. Anderson-Peacock E, Blouin JS, Bryans R, Danis N.
    Chiropractic Clinical Practice Guideline: Evidence-based Treatment
    of Adult Neck Pain Not Due to Whiplash

    J Canadian Chiro Assoc 2005 (Sep); 49 (3): 158–209

  23. CCA•CFCREAB-CPG GDC. Anderson-Peacock E, Bryans R, Descarreaux M, Marcoux M.
    A Clinical Practice Guideline Update from The CCA•CFCREAB-CPG.
    J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2008;52(1):7–8

  24. Tricco AC, Tetzlaff J, Moher D.
    The art and science of knowledge synthesis.
    J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:11–20

  25. GRADE WG
    Grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations (GRADE)
    Available at: http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/
    Accessed Oct 20, 2013

  26. The ADAPTE Collaboration The ADAPTE Manual and Resource Toolkit. 2009.
    The ADAPTE Collaboration Version 2.0. ; Available from:
    http://www.gi-n.net/activities/adaptation/introduction-g-i-n-adaptation-wg
    Accessed October 20 2013.

  27. Collaboration D.
    Developing and Evaluating Communication Strategies to Support Informed Decisions and Practice Based on Evidence (DECIDE) Available at:
    http://www.decide-collaboration.eu/ Accessed Oct 20, 2013

  28. Grimshaw J, Eccles M, Lavis J, Hill S, Squires J.
    Knowledge translation of research findings.
    Implementation Sci. 2012;7:50

  29. CCA_CFCRB The Canadian Chiropractic Association and the Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory Boards Clinical Practice Guidelines Development Initiative (The CCA/CFCRB-CPG) development, dissemination, implementation, evaluation, and revision (DevDIER) plan.
    J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2004;48:56–72

  30. Graham G, Mancher M, Miller Wolman D, Greenfield S, Steinberg E, editors.
    Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust. Institute of Medicine, Shaping the Future for Health.
    Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2011.

  31. Hurwitz EL, Carragee EJ, van der Velde G, Caroll LJ, Nordin M, Guzman J.
    Treatment of Neck Pain: Noninvasive Interventions:
    Results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010
    Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders

    Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 (Feb 15); 33 (4 Suppl): S123–152

  32. Haldeman S, Dagenais S.
    A supermarket approach to the evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain.
    Spine J. 2008;8:1–7

  33. Grol R.
    Successes and failures in the implementation of evidence-based guidelines for clinical practice.
    Med Care. 2001;39:1146–1154

  34. Schuster MA, Elizabeth A, McGlynn R, Brook H.
    How Good Is the Quality of Health Care in the United States?
    Milbank Q. 1998;76:517–563

  35. McGlynn EA, Asch SM, Adams J, Keesey J, Hicks J, DeCristofaro A, Kerr EA.
    The Quality of Health Care Delivered to Adults in the United States.
    New Engl J Med. 2003;348:2635–2645

  36. Curran JA, Grimshaw JM, Hayden JA, Campbell B.
    Knowledge translation research: The science of moving research into policy and practice.
    J Continuing Edu Health Pro. 2011;31:174–180

Return to GUIDELINES

Return to EVIDENCE–BASED PRACTICE

Since 9-04-2014

                  © 1995–2024 ~ The Chiropractic Resource Organization ~ All Rights Reserved