Including Extraspinal Axial Articulations

SECOND EDITION © 1995--1998 R. C. SCHAFER, DC, PhD, FICC

Table of Contents

1. The Evaluation of Joint Trauma

Introduction -16
Common Signs and Symptoms -16
History of Joint Pain -17
Standard Procedures -20
Inspection -20
Palpation and Percussion -22
Temperature and Pulse -34
Thermography -34
Reflexes -34
Limb Length, Circumference, and Width Measurements -35
Goniometry: The Measurement of Joint Motion -35
Joint Motion Evaluation -36
Resisted Joint Motion -37
Testing Limb-Muscle Strength -38
Electromyography -40
Electrodiagnosis -41
Laboratory Procedures -41
Basic Considerations in Diagnostic Imagery -42
Joint-Space Alterations -42
Fat Pad Alterations -42
Masses and Swellings -43
Ossification vs Calcification -43
Fractures -44
Dislocations -47
Emergency Immobilization (Splints) -47
Related Conditions -48
Connective-Tissue Trauma -48
Muscle Contusions -48
Myalgia and Related Conditions -49
Painful Joints -50
Painful Nerves -54
Strains -57
Sprains -61
Complications to Strains and Sprains -64
Differentiating Joint Dysfunction From Joint Disease: Guidelines -74
Trigger Point Development -76

Shoulder Sprains and Strains -139
Diffuse Sprains of the Shoulder -140
Acromioclavicular Sprains -141
Acromioclavicular Separation -142
Shoulder "Pointer" -144
Bicipital Syndromes -144
Tendinitis -146
Rotator Cuff Strains -150
Deltoid Strains -153
The Lax Shoulder Joint -154
Possibly Related Disorders -154
Subdeltoid Bursitis -155
Subacromial Bursitis -156
Brachial Plexus Injury -161
Barre-Lieou Syndrome -163
Arm Edema -164
Trigger Point Syndromes of the Shoulder -164
Shoulder-Hand Syndrome -165
Comments on Throwing Injuries of the Shoulder -166
Elbow Sprains and Strains -169
Elbow Strains -171
Elbow Sprains -171
Tennis Elbow -173
Other Types of Common Elbow Injuries -176
Possibly Related Disorders -177
Comments on Throwing Injuries of the Elbow -179
Forearm and Wrist Strains, Sprains, and Contractures -180
Common Painful Forearm and Wrist Syndromes -180
Forearm Strains -181
Brachialis Calcification -182
Forearm Contractures -182
Unilateral Forearm Wasting -182
Wrist Sprain -182
Kienboeck's Disease -184
Hamate Bruise -185
Ganglion of the Wrist -185
Tenosynovitis -186
Possibly Associated Peripheral Nerve Disorders -188
Finger Sprains -192
Boxer's Knuckle -192
Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Sprains -193
Karate Lump -193
Mallet (Baseball) Finger -194
Possibly Related Disorders -194
Thumb Sprains -197
Bowler's Thumb -198
Skier's Thumb -198