Table 2

Economic outcomes to include in economic evaluation

Type of Cost	Examples	Perspectives in Which This Cost is Included
Direct costs: Medical	Intervention costs: Practitioner fees Diagnostic costs Therapy costs Service costs: Facilities and equipment, including hospitalization or clinic/office costs Ancillary staff	Portion paid by health plan included in institutional perspective Portion paid by patient included in individual perspective All included in societal perspective
Direct costs: Non-medical	Transportation costs Time off work for appointments/hospitalization	Usually all paid by the patient, so often included in individual perspective All included in societal perspective
Indirect costs	Lost work productivity during recuperation Lost leisure time Child care costs Costs to care givers	Usually all paid by the patient, so often included in individual perspective All included in societal perspective
Intangible costs	Pain Suffering Grief	Not usually included as costs; instead, may be included in humanistic outcomes in cost-utility analysis

Summarized from similar tables in other references [1, 20, 22].