Table 2

Odds of chiropractic use in U.S. Population with chronic spine pain using NHIS

	OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI
Region of U.S.			Body Mass Index
Northeast	1.00	Reference	Underweight	0.76	(0.45 to 1.27)
Midwest	1.02	(0.86 to 1.21)	Healthy weight	1.00	Reference
South	0.64***	(0.54 to 0.75)	Overweight	0.96	(0.84 to 1.09)
West	1.06	(0.90 to 1.26)	Obese	0.89	(0.78 to 1.03)
Age			Pain Duration
18 to 30	1.00	Reference	1 year or less	1.00	Reference
31 to 50	0.88	(0.75 to 1.03)	1 to 5 years	0.74***	(0.62 to 0.88)
51 to 64	0.70***	(0.58 to 0.83)	5 to 10 years	0.61***	(0.50 to 0.73)
65 to 84	0.69***	(0.56 to 0.85)	Over 10 years	0.63***	(0.54 to 0.75)
85 and above	0.45***	(0.29 to 0.70)	Radiating Pain
Sex			No	1.00	Reference
Male	1.00	Reference	Yes	1.18***	(1.08 to 1.31)
Female	1.00	(0.90 to 1.11)	Headache
Race			No	1.00	Reference
Alaskan Native, or American Indian	0.83	(0.55 to 1.26)	Yes	1.12*	(1.01 to 1.25)
Asian or Pacific Islander	0.68*	(0.48 to 0.97)	Diabetes
Black/African American	0.81*	(0.68 to 0.96)	No	1.00	Reference
Multiple Race	0.43	(0.17 to 1.06)	Yes	0.89	(0.76 to 1.05)
Other Race	0.60	(0.33 to 1.10)	Smoking
White	1.00	Reference	No	1.00	Reference
Ethnicity			Yes	0.69***	(0.61 to 0.78)
Hispanic	0.85	(0.72 to 1.02)	Alcohol Use
Not Hispanic	1.00	Reference	No	1.00	Reference
Employment			Yes	1.16**	(1.04 to 1.29)
Not Employed	1.00	Reference	Household Income
Employed	1.36***	(1.21 to 1.52)	$0 - $34,999	1.00	Reference
Education			$35,000 - $74,999	1.17**	(1.04 to 1.32)
Less than high school	1.00	Reference	$75,000+	1.19*	(1.02 to 1.39)
High school	1.20*	(1.02 to 1.40)
College, no degree	1.41***	(1.21 to 1.66)
Associate or technical school	1.39**	(1.13 to 1.70)
Bachelor’s	1.26*	(1.02 to 1.55)
Post-graduate or professional	1.30*	(1.02 to 1.65)

*P≤0.05, **P≤0.01, ***P≤0.001

Data from NHIS using 15,312 observations representative of 11,473,330 U.S. adults

OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval