Table 5.

Summary of Case Series and Case Reports.

Citation	Provider	Patients	Interventions	Treatment Duration	Outcomes	Adverse Events
Case series
Collins, 2015	DC	2 (twins) age 7 mo	SMT and CM	16 wk	Mother-report: reduced breastfeeding difficulties after 8 wk; decreased cranial asymmetry after 16 wk	Not stated
Lund, 2011	DO	2 (premature twins), age 15 wk	SMT and CM	Daily for 2 wk	100% of feeding by nipple after 2 weeks; discharged from hospital at that time	Not stated
Wall, 2006	LC	11 neonates	Lactation consultation	No manual treatment	Lower jaw asymmetry correlated with breastfeeding difficulties and also with suspected undiagnosed torticollis	N/A
Case reports
Drobbin, 2015	DC	1, age 4 wk	SMT upper cervical spine and TMJ	1 treatment	Immediate increase in neck ROM and successful breastfeeding	Not stated
Ferranti, 2016	DC	1, age 2 wk	SMT and CM	CMT 12, CM 10 treatments	Breastfeeding difficulties resolved after 12 SMT; cranial deformation resolved after 10 CM	Not stated
Hubbard, 2014	DC	1, age 7 wk	SMT and CM, probiotic, bile acid and vitamin D supplementation	Weekly treatment for 1 mo	Complete resolution of breastfeeding difficulties	Not stated
Lavigne, 2012	DC, MD	1, age 3 wk	Examination indicated tongue-tie so patient referred for frenotomy; comanaged with SMT and CM	Not stated	Reduced breastfeeding difficulties; improved mother’s nipple symptoms	Not stated
Summers, 2014	DO	1, age 15 days with Pierre Robin sequence	SMT, CM, soft tissue	3 treatments at 3-wk intervals	Sucking and breathing improved; weight gain and resolution of infant’s fatigue with breastfeeding	Not stated
Tutt, 2014	DC	1, age 8 mo, with torticollis and plagiocephaly	Instrument-assisted SMT and manual CM; home stretching, light massage and passive ROM	2 treatments	Nursing improved after first treatment by mother’s report	Not stated
Williams, 2014	DC	1, age 6 wk, with congenital torticollis and plagiocephaly	Instrument-assisted SMT and manual CM; SCM home stretching	6 treatments over 3 wk	Full cervical ROM and bilateral nursing after initial care, torticollis and plagiocephaly improved at 3 wk	Not stated

Abbreviations:

DC = Doctor of Chiropractic;
DO = Doctor Osteopathy;
LC = lactation consultant;
MD = Doctor of Medicine;
N/A = not applicable;
SMT = spinal manipulative therapy;
CM = cranial manipulation;
ROM = range of motion;
SCM = sternocleidomastoid muscle.