Table 3

Prevalence of major depression at T-2 and longitudinal association between back pain at T-1 and major depression at T-2.

Model 3: Longitudinal Association between Back Pain at T-1 and Major Depression at T-2
		Major Depression at T-2 (%)	p	PR	95% CI	p
Health outcome
Back pain at T-1			<0.001
	No	22.5		1.00
	Yes	39.0		1.96	(1.41, 2.74)	<0.001
Demographic characteristic
Age			<0.001
	30–49	11.8		1.00
	50–59	9.9		0.81	(0.56, 1.17)	0.26
	60–75+	5.3		0.55	(0.37, 0.83)	0.01
Sex			<0.001
	Male	5.6		1.00
	Female	11.8		1.87	(1.32, 2.65)	<0.001
Socioeconomic status
Education			0.134
	High school or less	10.4		1.00
	Some college	10.0		1.29	(0.79, 2.09)	0.31
	College and more	8.0		0.88	(0.62, 1.26)	0.49
Personal earning			<0.001
	<$19,999	13.2		1.00
	$20,000-$59,999	8.1		0.82	(0.56, 1.2)	0.31
	$60,000-$200,000+	5.6		0.84	(0.55, 1.29)	0.43
Health behavior
Leisure-time physical activity			0.308
	Inactive	7.7		1.00
	Insufficiently active	10.0		1.27	(0.89, 1.81)	0.18
	Active	8.9		0.91	(0.56, 1.46)	0.69
Tobacco use			<0.001
	No	8.0		1.00
	Yes	16.2		1.75	(1.17, 2.62)	0.01
Alcohol consumption			0.027
	Heavy drinkers	10.8		1.00
	Light to moderate drinkers	7.5		0.62	(0.40, 0.99)	0.04
	Non drinkers	9.5		0.75	(0.48, 1.20)	0.23
Obesity			0.009
	No	8.1		1.00
	Yes	11.3		1.37	(0.98, 1.91)	0.07