Interventions to improve adherence to exercise for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults

doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005956.pub2

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Summary of results ‐ Type of exercise

RCT Trial Participants Interventions Results for adherence measures Results for clinical outcomes
Carr 2005
(Moderate quality) LBP
(n = 237) I1: Back to fitness programme
I2: Individual physiotherapy NSD Pain: NSD
Function: NSD
QoL:. NSD

Ettinger 1997 (FAST)
(High quality) Knee OA
(n = 439) I1: Aerobic exercise
I2: Resistance exercise
C: Health education NSD Pain: SD (I1 > C, I2 > C)

Ferreira 2007
(Moderate quality) LBP
(n = 240) I1: General Exercise classes
I2: Motor Control Exercise
I3: Spinal Manipulation NSD Pain: NSD
Function: 8 weeks SD (I2 > I1), 6 & 12 months NSD

Fransen 2007
(High quality) OA
(n = 152) I1: Hydrotherapy
I2: Tai‐chi
C: Waiting list SD (I1 > I2) Pain: NSD
Function: NSD

Halbert 2001
(Moderate quality) Hip or Knee OA
(n = 69) I: Individualised physical activity advice
C: Leaflet on good nutrition NSD Pain: NSD
Function: NSD
QoL: NSD

Huang 2003
(Moderate quality) Knee OA
(n = 132) I1: Isokinetic muscle strength exercises
I2: Isotonic muscle strength exercises
I3: Isometric muscle strength exercises
C: Not stated NSD Pain: SD (I1 > C, I2 > C, I3 > C)

Huang 2005
(Moderate quality) Knee OA
(n = 120) I1: Isokinetic muscle strength exercises
I2: Isokinetic muscle strength exercises + continuous ultrasound
I3: Isokinetic muscle strength exercises + pulsed ultrasound
C: No exercise or ultrasound NSD Pain: SD (I1 > C, I2 > C, I3 > C)

Koumantakis 2005
(High quality) LBP
(n = 55) I1: Back book + stabilisation enhanced exercise
I2: Back book + general exercise NSD any adherence measure Pain: NSD
Function: SD (I2 > I1 post‐intervention only)

Mangione 1999
(Moderate quality) Knee OA
(n = 54) I1: High intensity static cycling exercise
I2: Low intensity static cycling exercise NSD Pain: NSD

Mikesky 2006
(Moderate quality) Knee OA
(n = 221) I1: Strength training
C: ROM exercises NSD any adherence measure Pain: NSD
Function: NSD
QoL: NSD

Minor 1989
(Moderate quality) Lower limb OA
(n = 120) I1: Aerobic walking
I2: Aerobic aquatics
C: ROM exercises NSD any adherence measure Pain: NSD
Function: SD (12 weeks I1 + I2 > C)

Petrella 2000
(High quality) Knee OA
(n = 179) I: Oxaprozin + progressive exercise
C: Oxaprozin + joint unloading NSD Pain: SD (I > C)
Function: SD (I > C)

Sherman 2005
(Moderate quality) LBP
(n = 101) I1: Yoga
I2: Physiotherapy Exercise
C: Self‐care book NSD any adherence measure Function: 12 weeks SD (I1 > I2). 6 weeks & 26 weeks NSD

Song 2003
(Moderate quality) OA
(n = 72) I: Tai‐chi for arthritis
C: Not described NSD Pain: SD (I > C)

Soukup 1999
(Moderate quality) LBP
(n = 77) I: Mensendieck exercise programme
C: Received written and oral information NSD Pain: NSD
Function: NSD ‐ VAS & Dartmouth Dartmouth COOP Functional Assessment Charts

Viljanen 2003
(Moderate quality) Neck Pain
(n = 393) I1: Dynamic muscle training
I2: Relaxation training
C: Continue with usual activity levels NSD both adherence measures Pain: NSD
Function: NSD

Ylinen 2003
(High quality) Neck Pain
(n = 180) I1: Endurance dynamic neck training
I2: High intensity isometric neck strengthening and stabilisation exercises
C: Recreational activities and home exercise programme SD Pain: NSD (I1 v C, I2 v C). SD (I1 + I2 > C)
Function: NSD (I1 v C, I2 v C). SD (I1 + I2 > C)

* Comparisons are for all time points unless otherwise stated
Abbreviations listed at end of Table 4

RCT	Trial Participants	Interventions	Results for adherence measures	Results for clinical outcomes
Carr 2005 (Moderate quality)	LBP (n = 237)	I1: Back to fitness programme I2: Individual physiotherapy	NSD	Pain: NSD Function: NSD QoL:. NSD

Ettinger 1997 (FAST) (High quality)	Knee OA (n = 439)	I1: Aerobic exercise I2: Resistance exercise C: Health education	NSD	Pain: SD (I1 > C, I2 > C)

Ferreira 2007 (Moderate quality)	LBP (n = 240)	I1: General Exercise classes I2: Motor Control Exercise I3: Spinal Manipulation	NSD	Pain: NSD Function: 8 weeks SD (I2 > I1), 6 & 12 months NSD

Fransen 2007 (High quality)	OA (n = 152)	I1: Hydrotherapy I2: Tai‐chi C: Waiting list	SD (I1 > I2)	Pain: NSD Function: NSD

Halbert 2001 (Moderate quality)	Hip or Knee OA (n = 69)	I: Individualised physical activity advice C: Leaflet on good nutrition	NSD	Pain: NSD Function: NSD QoL: NSD

Huang 2003 (Moderate quality)	Knee OA (n = 132)	I1: Isokinetic muscle strength exercises I2: Isotonic muscle strength exercises I3: Isometric muscle strength exercises C: Not stated	NSD	Pain: SD (I1 > C, I2 > C, I3 > C)

Huang 2005 (Moderate quality)	Knee OA (n = 120)	I1: Isokinetic muscle strength exercises I2: Isokinetic muscle strength exercises + continuous ultrasound I3: Isokinetic muscle strength exercises + pulsed ultrasound C: No exercise or ultrasound	NSD	Pain: SD (I1 > C, I2 > C, I3 > C)

Koumantakis 2005 (High quality)	LBP (n = 55)	I1: Back book + stabilisation enhanced exercise I2: Back book + general exercise	NSD any adherence measure	Pain: NSD Function: SD (I2 > I1 post‐intervention only)

Mangione 1999 (Moderate quality)	Knee OA (n = 54)	I1: High intensity static cycling exercise I2: Low intensity static cycling exercise	NSD	Pain: NSD

Mikesky 2006 (Moderate quality)	Knee OA (n = 221)	I1: Strength training C: ROM exercises	NSD any adherence measure	Pain: NSD Function: NSD QoL: NSD

Minor 1989 (Moderate quality)	Lower limb OA (n = 120)	I1: Aerobic walking I2: Aerobic aquatics C: ROM exercises	NSD any adherence measure	Pain: NSD Function: SD (12 weeks I1 + I2 > C)

Petrella 2000 (High quality)	Knee OA (n = 179)	I: Oxaprozin + progressive exercise C: Oxaprozin + joint unloading	NSD	Pain: SD (I > C) Function: SD (I > C)

Sherman 2005 (Moderate quality)	LBP (n = 101)	I1: Yoga I2: Physiotherapy Exercise C: Self‐care book	NSD any adherence measure	Function: 12 weeks SD (I1 > I2). 6 weeks & 26 weeks NSD

Song 2003 (Moderate quality)	OA (n = 72)	I: Tai‐chi for arthritis C: Not described	NSD	Pain: SD (I > C)

Soukup 1999 (Moderate quality)	LBP (n = 77)	I: Mensendieck exercise programme C: Received written and oral information	NSD	Pain: NSD Function: NSD ‐ VAS & Dartmouth Dartmouth COOP Functional Assessment Charts

Viljanen 2003 (Moderate quality)	Neck Pain (n = 393)	I1: Dynamic muscle training I2: Relaxation training C: Continue with usual activity levels	NSD both adherence measures	Pain: NSD Function: NSD

Ylinen 2003 (High quality)	Neck Pain (n = 180)	I1: Endurance dynamic neck training I2: High intensity isometric neck strengthening and stabilisation exercises C: Recreational activities and home exercise programme	SD	Pain: NSD (I1 v C, I2 v C). SD (I1 + I2 > C) Function: NSD (I1 v C, I2 v C). SD (I1 + I2 > C)