A Patient's Guide to Shin Splints
Introduction
Pain along the front or inside edge of the shinbone
(tibia) is commonly referred to as shin
splints. The problem is common in athletes who run and
jump. It is usually caused by doing too much, too quickly.
The runner with this condition typically reports a recent
change in training, such as increasing the usual pace,
adding distance, or changing running surfaces. People who
haven't run for awhile are especially prone to shin splints
after they first get started, especially when they run
downhill. Shin splints on the front of the tibia are called
anterior shin splints. Posterior shin splints
cause pain along the inside edge of the lower leg.
This guide will help you understand
- how shin splints start
- what shin splints feel like
- how this condition is treated
Anatomy
What parts of the leg are involved?
The lower leg is made up of two bones. The shinbone is the larger of the two
bones. It is called the tibia. The small, thin bone
that runs alongside the tibia from the knee to the ankle is
the fibula.
The tibia and fibula provide a connecting point for
several muscles that move the foot. The main muscle that
bends the foot upward connects on the front (anterior) of
the tibia. It is called the anterior tibialis. The
posterior tibialis, which pulls the foot down and in,
attaches along the back (posterior) and inside edge of the
tibia. Together, the anterior and posterior tibialis muscles
are called the tibialis muscles.
The tibialis muscles have tiny fibers that fasten the muscle to the bony surface
of the tibia. This bony covering, or membrane, is called the
periosteum (peri means around, and
osteum means bone).
Related Document: A
Patient's Guide to Ankle Anatomy
Causes
Why do I have shin splints?
Shin splints usually result from overuse. Repeated
movements of the foot can cause damage where the tibialis
muscles attach to the tibia. Soon the edge of the muscles
may begin to pull away from the bone. The injured muscle and
the bone covering (the periosteum) become
inflamed.
Overuse commonly happens after changes in training.
Increasing running speed and distance and running on hard or
angled surfaces can contribute to overuse. Overuse can also
occur from running in flimsy footwear or in shoes with soles
that are worn out.
Anterior shin splints tend to affect people who take up a
new activity, such as jogging, sprinting, or playing sports
that require quick starts and stops. The unfamiliar forces
place a heavy strain on the anterior tibialis muscle,
causing it to become irritated and inflamed. This commonly
happens when people who aren't regular runners decide to go
on a long jog. The anterior tibialis muscle must work hard
to control the landing of the forefoot with each stride.
Running downhill puts even more demands on this muscle in
order to keep the forefoot from slapping down. People who
run on the balls of their feet or who run in shoes with poor
shock absorption also tend to get anterior shin splints.
Posterior shin splints are generally caused by imbalances
in the leg and foot. Muscle imbalances from tight calf
muscles can cause this condition. Imbalances in foot
alignment, such as having flat arches (called pronation), can also cause
posterior shin splints. As the foot flattens out with each
step, the posterior tibialis muscle gets stretched, causing
it to repeatedly tug on its attachment to the tibia. The
posterior tibialis muscle attachment eventually becomes
damaged, leading to pain and inflammation along the inside
edge of the lower leg.
A stress fracture in the tibia is a serious problem that
at first may have the same symptoms as shin splints. A
stress fracture is a crack in a weakened area of bone.
Continual stresses from running on hard surfaces or from
heavy strain in the tibialis muscles can weaken and
eventually fracture the tibia. People with shin pain who try
to work through it sometimes end up developing a stress
fracture in the tibia.
A concerning complication of shin splints is
compartment syndrome. Compartment syndrome is a
condition where pressure from muscle damage and swelling
builds up inside a section, or compartment, within the body.
There are four compartments in the lower limb. As the
pressure builds in the compartment, the small blood vessels
(called capillaries) that supply blood to the muscles
in the compartment are squeezed shut. This happens when the
pressure in the compartment is higher than the blood
pressure that keeps the small blood vessels open. When the
muscle loses its blood supply it begins to ache, like a
muscle cramp.
If the pressure continues to rise, it can squeeze the larger
blood vessels and nerves as well. Patients may feel
coldness, numbness, and swelling in the lower leg and foot.
If pressure builds up and is not treated, it can cause
serious tissue damage in the leg and foot.
Symptoms
What do shin splints feel like?
Dull, aching pain is felt where the involved tibialis
muscle attaches to the tibia. Redness and swelling can also
occur in this area. Tenderness is felt where the muscle
attaches to the bone.
Anterior shin splints are usually felt on the front of
the tibia, especially when using the anterior tibialis
muscle to bend your foot upward.
Posterior shin splints produce symptoms along the inside
edge of the lower leg. Small bumps may also be felt along
the edge of the tibia in this area.
Symptoms of shin splints generally get worse with
activity and ease with rest. Pain may be worse when you
first get up after sleeping. The sore tibialis muscle
shortens while you rest, and it stretches painfully when you
put weight on your foot.
Diagnosis
How will my doctor know if I have shin splints?
The diagnosis of shin splints is usually made using your
history and physical examination. The doctor may ask you
questions about your training schedule and footwear. The
doctor may also want to know whether you've recently begun a
new sport that requires running or jumping.
The physical examination lets the doctor see exactly
where your leg hurts. The doctor will probably move your
ankle in different positions and have you hold your foot
against the doctor's pressure. By stretching the tibialis
muscles and by feeling where these muscles attach on the
tibia, the doctor can begin to tell where the problem
is.
X-rays may be ordered to make sure you don't have a
stress fracture. However, recent stress injuries may not
show up on X-ray for the first few weeks. In these cases, a
bone scan may be ordered. A bone scan involves
injecting tracers into your blood stream. The tracers then
show up on special X-rays of your leg. The tracers build up
in areas of extra stress to bone tissue. The extra stress
can be caused by a stress fracture or an inflamed periosteum
(bony covering). This condition is called
periostitis.
Your doctor may also order a magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) scan. An MRI scan is a special imaging
test that uses magnetic waves to create pictures of your
body in slices. The MRI scan shows tendons as well as bones.
It also shows abnormal swelling or scar tissue. An MRI is
painless and requires no needles or injections.
A test for measuring pressure in the sore leg may be
needed if you have symptoms of compartment syndrome.
Pressures within the tissues of the leg are checked before
and after exercise to see if exercise causes the pressure
readings to go up.
Treatment
How are shin splints treated?
Nonsurgical Treatment
Most cases of shin splints respond to nonsurgical
treatments. Rest plays a key role in decreasing pain and
inflammation. Patients are usually encouraged to stop doing
the activity that caused the problem, at least until their
symptoms are under control. Applying cold packs and taking
anti-inflammatory medications calm pain and inflammation and
are useful in the early stages of treatment.
Special taping techniques may be used to support the sore
tissues and ease pain. However, taping should be used to
help the area heal, not as a way to keep on training.
Patients may be encouraged to purchase a pair of
shock-absorbing shoe insoles. People with flat arches may
need shoe inserts, called orthotics, to support the
arch.
Doctors may have their patients work with a physical
therapist. Therapists apply treatments to reduce pain and
inflammation. Whenever possible, the underlying problems
causing the shin splints are also addressed. The therapist
may offer ideas to avoid overuse while training, evaluate
your running style, and suggest tips on footwear. Treating
the main cause will normally help get rid of shin
splints.
In rare instances, an injection of cortisone along the
edge of the muscular connection to the bone may be used.
However, cortisone is used very sparingly because it can
weaken the soft tissues of the tibialis muscles.
Surgery
Surgery is rarely needed to correct problems of shin
splints. However, shin splints that are complicated by
compartment syndrome may require surgery, sometimes
immediately.
If compartment syndrome is discovered and diagnostic
tests show high pressures within the tissues of the lower
leg, surgery may be recommended right away. The procedure to
remove the pressure is called fasciotomy.
Fascia is the connective tissue around and between
muscles and organs. The surgeon makes a few small incisions on either side of the lower leg. The
nearby layer of fascia within several compartments is cut
and removed to reduce the pressure within the compartment.
The incisions are left open at first. Tissue pressures are
checked over a period of two to three days. The wounds are
then closed.
If the problem has been present for more than three
months, the surgeon may only need to make one or two
incisions to cut the layer of fascia and reduce pressure
inside a single problem compartment.
Rehabilitation
When can I get back to my usual activities?
Nonsurgical Rehabilitation
You will need to hold off heavy training and sports
activity for three to four weeks. As the pain starts to go
away, it should be safe to begin doing more normal
activities.
Your doctor may prescribe a carefully progressed physical
therapy program lasting four to six weeks. At first,
treatments are used to calm inflammation.
Iontophoresis uses a mild electrical current to push
a topical steroid medicine into the sore area. Ultrasound
treatments, often used in combination with a topical steroid
medicine, are also effective in halting pain and
inflammation. Your therapist may show you how to ice, rest,
and tape the injured area.
Deep tissue massage is commonly done along the junction
where the sore tibialis muscle meets the tibia. Afterward,
the calf and tibialis muscles are gently stretched.
Your therapist will evaluate your posture and alignment
to see if you have problems with pronation (arch
flattening). This condition tends to be more common with
posterior shin splints. Sometimes a small heel wedge placed
under the inside edge of the heel is enough to ease tension
on the posterior tibialis muscle. More severe problems of
pronation may require foot orthotics to support the arch and
reduce stresses on the posterior tibialis muscle.
Therapists work with athletes to avoid overuse problems.
Knowing your training schedule, pace, and the surface you
use will guide your therapist in making recommendations.
Alterations are suggested when needed, especially as you
attempt to safely resume your sport. Recommendations may be
offered regarding footwear and the use of shock-absorbing
insoles.
After Surgery
If surgery is required, the rehabilitation is a bit
different at first. A protective dressing covers the
incisions. You may need to use crutches for several days
after surgery, but you should be able to bear weight on the
foot within the first week. Your stitches will be removed in
10 to 14 days (unless they are absorbable stitches, which
will not need to be taken out).
Athletes work gradually back to activity. They start by
using a stationary bike within 10 to 14 days. It is usually
safe to begin a light jogging program within six weeks. Most
patients can safely begin full activity within eight to 10
weeks. |