Table 3

Factors associated with ≥10 healthcare visits in the past year in US adults with chronic low back pain (N = 700).

	≥10 visits/year % N = 172	<10 visits/year % N = 528	Chi-Sq P-value	Adjusted OR	AOR P-value
Medical Comorbidities
0–1	39.7 (6)	63.6 (2.9)	<0.0001	1 (Ref.)	<0.0001
2–3	30.8 (4.8)	26.4 (1.9)		1.84 (0.95–3.56)
>3	29.5 (4.7)	10.0 (1.8)		5.00 (2.44–10.26)
Employment status
Working	37.3 (5.9)	62.3 (2.1)	0.0004	1 (Ref.)	0.0013
Not working	59.7 (5.6)	34.7 (2.2)		3.00 (1.64–5.46)
Looking for work	3.0 (1.8)	3.1 (0.8)		1.82 (0.37–8.96)
Income from disability	24.9 (6.6)	8.9 (1.6)	0.0006	2.58 (1.41–4.73)	0.0021
BMI
<25	16.3 (3.9)	27.7 (2.5)	0.031	1 (Ref.)	0.255
25–30	31.8 (4.3)	30.5 (2.5)		1.81 (0.87–3.74)
>30	52.0 (3.4)	41.9 (3.1)		1.57 (0.86–2.86)
Smoking status
Never	35.7 (4.1)	44.7 (2.7)	0.037	1 (Ref.)	0.075
Former	34.1 (3.4)	24.9 (1.9)		1.62 (1.03–2.52)
Current	30.3 (3.6)	30.4 (2.7)		1.12 (0.61–2.06)
PHQ9 score (depression)
1–4 (none)	38.3 (5.3)	62.4 (3.1)	<0.0001	1 (Ref.)	<0.0001
5–9 (mild)	20.0 (3.1)	21.7 (2.8)		1.74 (0.82–3.65)
10–14 (moderate)	14.9 (3.7)	8.6 (0.9)		2.63 (1.19–5.86)
15–19 (moderate-severe)	18.9 (6.0)	5.5 (0.9)		5.09 (2.58–10.03)
20–27 (severe)	7.9 (3.3)	1.7 (0.4)		5.55 (1.27–24.18)
Sleep disturbances	72.0 (4.7)	46.6 (2.7)	<0.0001	2.29 (1.57–3.33)	<0.0001

Unadjusted estimates given with standard error, adjusted odds ratios – with 95% confidence intervals; Chi-Sq – Chi-Square. AOR – adjusted odds ratio, adjusted for age, race, gender, education, number of medical comorbidities. BMI – body mass index. PHQ9 – patient health questionnaire 9. Reference category not displayed for binary variables.