Table 1.

Demographics and clinical characteristics of patient population

 Population sample (n = 34)
Mean age (years) ± SD57.7 ± 18.7
Gender, female (%)18 (52.9)
Race, n (%) 
 African-American2 (5.9)
 Asian American1 (2.9)
 Hispanic1 (2.9)
 Caucasian29 (85.3)
 Other1 (2.9)
Educational level, n (%) 
 High school15 (44.1)
 College graduate10 (29.4)
 Postgraduate education9 (26.5)
Currently employed, n (%)22 (64.7)
Previous history of LBP, n (%)27 (79.4)
Previous history of back surgery, n (%)8 (23.5)
Duration of LBP (months) ± SD113.7 ± 101.1
Oswestry disability index ± SD28.2 ± 14.8

SD, standard deviation;
LBP, low back pain.