Table 1

Baseline characteristics before and after propensity score matching
CharacteristicBefore matchingAfter matching
CSMTOther careP valueCSMTOther careP value
N5785482 70457855785
Age36.9±8.237.4±8.2<0.00136.9±8.236.9±8.20.972
Sex
 Female3535 (61%)288 061 (60%)0.0283535 (61%)3539 (61%)0.939
 Male2250 (39%)194 587 (40%)0.0292250 (39%)2245 (39%)0.924

Race

 Black or African American431 (8%)90 838 (19%)<0.001431 (8%)433 (8%)0.944
 White4389 (76%)313 938 (65%)<0.0014389 (76%)4368 (76%)0.649
 Asian99 (2%)9913 (2%)0.06899 (2%)100 (2%)0.943

Ethnicity

 Hispanic/Latino157 (3%)37 715 (8%)<0.001157 (3%)154 (3%)0.863
 Not Hispanic/Latino4839 (84%)311 836 (65%)<0.0014839 (84%)4808 (83%)0.439

Conditions (ICD-10)

 Mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders (F01-F99)2177 (38%)145 444 (30%)<0.0012177 (38%)2158 (37%)0.715
 Lumbosacral root disorders, not elsewhere classified (G54.4)24 (<1%)878 (<1%)<0.00124 (<1%)16 (<1%)0.205
 Radiculopathy, lumbar region (M54.16)1713 (30%)138 388 (29%)0.1151713 (30%)1666 (29%)0.337
 Radiculopathy, lumbosacral region (M54.17)1420 (25%)73 363 (15%)<0.0011420 (25%)1375 (24%)0.328
 Radiculopathy, sacral and sacrococcygeal region (M54.18)62 (1%)1052 (<1%)<0.00162 (1%)58 (1%)0.714
 Sciatica (M54.3)1432 (25%)150 984 (31%)<0.0011432 (25%)1407 (24%)0.589
 Lumbago with sciatica (M54.4)1411 (24%)158 467 (33%)<0.0011411 (24%)1360 (24%)0.267

Procedure (ICD-10-PCS)

 Introduction of anaesthetic agent into spinal canal, percutaneous approach10 (<1%)991 (<1%)0.58810 (<1%)10 (<1%)1
Medications (VANDF)
 Opioid Analgesics (CN101)1883 (33%)156 838 (33%)0.9251883 (33%)1881 (33%)0.968
 Central nervous system medications (CN000)3619 (63%)279 764 (58%)<0.0013619 (63%)3603 (62%)0.759
BMI (kg/m²)30.6±6.930.6±7.20.57130.6±6.930.1±7.20.005

BMI, body mass index;
CSMT, chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy;
ICD, International Classification of Disease;
ICD-10-PCS, International Classification of Disease procedure coding system;
VANDF, Veterans Health Administration National Drug File.