PMC full text:
Table 1
Risk factors for occurrence and chronicity of low back painw10
| Risk factors | Occurrence | Chronicity |
|---|---|---|
| Individual | Age; physical fitness; weakness of back and abdominal muscles; smoking | Obesity; low educational level; high levels of pain and disability |
| Psychosocial | Stress; anxiety; negative mood or emotions; poor cognitive functioning; pain behaviour | Distress; depressive mood; somatisation |
| Occupational | Manual material handling; bending and twisting; whole body vibration; job dissatisfaction; monotonous tasks; poor work relationships and social support | Job dissatisfaction; unavailability of light duty on return to work; job requirement of lifting for three quarters of the day |