Characteristics of included participants who received spinal manipulative therapy and home exercise and advice program (n = 40)

Age, years, mean (range)	57.1 (29–80)
Body Mass Index (BMI), mean (SD)	28.1 (5.4)
Gender, n (%)
Female	23 (57.5)
Male	17 (42.5)
Race, n (%)
American Indian or Alaska Native	3 (7.5)
Asian	1 (2.5)
Black or African American	2 (5.0)
White	34 (85.0)
Ethnicity, n (%)
Hispanic or Latino	2 (5.0)
Not Hispanic or Latino	38 (95.0)
Marital status, n (%)
Married or living with significant other	26 (65.0)
Divorced or separated	5 (12.5)
Widowed	6 (15.0)
Never been married	3 (7.5)
Highest level of education, n (%)
High school graduate or GED	5 (12.5)
Some college or other program, no degree	9 (22.5)
Associate degree (academic or vocational)	9 (22.5)
Bachelor’s degree	8 (20.0)
Master’s degree	6 (15.0)
Professional or doctoral degree	3 (7.5)
Employment status, n (%)
Currently working full-time	18 (45.0)
Currently working part-time	5 (12.5)
Not currently employed	3 (7.5)
Take care of house or family	3 (7.5)
Retired (not due to health problems)	9 (22.5)
Disabled and/or retired because of back or leg problems	1 (2.5)
Other	1 (2.5)
Household income, n (%)
Did not answer	4 (10.0)
$10,000–24,999	3 (7.5)
$25,000–34,999	5 (12.5)
$35,000–49,000	7 (17.5)
$50,000–74,000	8 (20.0)
$75,000 or more	13 (32.5)
Amount of physical activity in daily routine, n (%)
Very light	3 (7.5)
Light	13 (32.5)
Moderate	20 (50.0)
Heavy	3 (7.5)
Very heavy	1 (2.5)
Duration of leg pain, n (%)
2–4 weeks	1 (2.5)
More than 4 weeks	39 (97.5)
Typical severity of leg pain in past week, mean (SD)	5.6 (1.7)
Typical severity of low back pain in past week, mean (SD)	5.5 (2.6)
RMDQ*, mean (std)	10.9 (4.1)

*Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire, scored 0–24 with higher scores indicating more disability

Table 1.