Table 2

Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics (mean (SD) unless otherwise noted)

Parameter	Treatment group
	Chiropractic Care	Integrated Care
n	100	101
Age	52.3 (12.4)	52.6 (12.5)
Female, n (%)	60 (60.0%)	69 (68.3%)
Non-white race, n (%)	5 (5.1%)	1 (1.0%)
Hispanic, n (%)	3 (3.0%)	5 (5.0%)
College degree, n (%)	47 (47.5%)	52 (51.5%)
Household income < $35,000, n (%)	18 (18.3%)	16 (19.8%)
Employed, n (%)	71 (71.0%)	66 (66.0%)
BMI	29.5 (5.8)	27.5 (5.2)
Duration [years]	9.2 (10.1)	8.3 (9.9)
Median [25th to 75th percentiles]	5.0 [2.0 to 15.0]	4.0 [2.0 to 11.0]
Chronic (current episode ≥ 12 weeks), n (%)	97 (97.0%)	98 (97.0%)
Radiation to lower extremity, n (%)	18 (18.0)	21 (20.8)
Back pain associated with trauma
Auto accident, n (%)	5 (5.0%)	4 (4.0%)
Work or leisure time accident, n (%)	21 (21.0%)	21 (20.8%)
Age at first episode of back pain	35.7 (15.0)	35.7 (15.0)
Prior treatment, n (%)	88 (88.0%)	90 (89.1%)
Depression, n (%)	12 (12.0%)	11 (10.9%)
Other pain, n (%)	88 (88.0%)	89 (88.1%)
Tobacco use, n (%)	9 (9.0%)	10 (9.9%)
Low back pain intensity [0 to 10]	5.4 (1.5)	5.1 (1.6)
Low back disability (Roland Morris) [0 to 100]†	40.9 (21.3)	38.1 (19.2)
Quality of life (EuroQol) [− 0.109 to 1]*	0.76 (0.10)	0.79 (0.06)
Medication use (days/week)	2.8 (2.4)	2.9 (2.4)
Preferred intervention, n (%)
None	19 (19.4%)	17 (17.2%)
Acupuncture and oriental medicine	25 (25.5%)	23 (23.2%)
Chiropractic	19 (19.4%)	17 (17.2%)
Cognitive behavioral therapy	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Exercise therapy	11 (11.2%)	11 (11.1%)
Massage	22 (22.4%)	31 (31.3%)
Medication	1 (1.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Self-care education	1 (1.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Expectation of improvement at the end of treatment (1–5) ^	1.80 (0.53)	1.77 (0.46)

^†Lower scores indicate lower disability;
*Higher scores indicate higher quality of life;
^Lower scores indicate higher expectations