- Previous history of low back pain
- Total work loss (due to low back pain) in past twelve months
- Radiating leg pain
- Reduced straight leg raising
- Signs of nerve root involvement
- Reduced trunk muscle strength and endurance
- Poor physical fitness
- Self-rated health poor
- Heavy smoking
- Psychological distress and depressive symptoms
- Disproportionate illness behaviour
- Low job satisfaction
- Personal problems - alcohol, marital, financial
- Adversarial medico-legal proceedings
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