A longitudinal study of chiropractic use among older adults in the United States

doi:10.1186/1746-1340-18-34

PMC full text:

Chiropr Osteopat. 2010; 18: 34.

Published online 2010 Dec 21. doi: 10.1186/1746-1340-18-34

Copyright/License ►Request permission to reuse: Copyright ©2010 Weigel et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<url>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0</url>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Table 2

Adjusted Odds Ratios for chiropractic use

	AOR (95% CIs)	Reference Category
Demographic Factors
*Age*	*0.981 (0.964 - 0.998)*
*Male*	*0.759 (0.620 - 0.929)*	*Female*
Race
*African American*	*0.268 (0.163 - 0.439)*	*White*
Hispanic	0.916 (0.533 - 1.574)	White
*Other*	*0.131 (0.021 - 0.798)*	*White*
Marital Status
*Never Married*	*0.547 (0.314 - 0.954)*	*Married*
Separated/Divorced	0.806 (0.521 - 1.246)	Married
*Widowed*	*0.758 (0.612 - 0.939)*	*Married*
Socioeconomic Factors
Educational Attainment
Grade School	1.229 (0.932 - 1.620)	Some High School
High School	1.004 (0.786 - 1.283)	Some High School
Some College	0.904 (0.692 - 1.180)	Some High School
Income Distribution
Income - First Quintile	0.760 (0.516 - 1.119)	Fifth Quintile
Income - Second Quintile	0.816 (0.627 - 1.060)	Fifth Quintile
Income - Third Quintile	0.769 (0.579 - 1.021)	Fifth Quintile
Income - Fourth Quintile	0.872 (0.695 - 1.095)	Fifth Quintile
One or More Health Insurance Policy	0.849 (0.672 - 1.073)	Zero Additional Health Policies
Working for Pay	0.959 (0.737 - 1.248)
*Able to Drive a Car*	*1.923 (1.486 - 2.488)*
Geographic Location Measures
*Northeast*	*0.491 (0.306 - 0.787)*	*MidWest Region*
New York/New Jersey	0.692 (0.472 - 1.013)	MidWest Region
*Mid-Atlantic*	*0.473 (0.307 - 0.727)*	*MidWest Region*
*Southeast*	*0.555 (0.387 - 0.796)*	*MidWest Region*
*North-Central*	*0.721 (0.516 - 0.987)*	*MidWest Region*
*South-West*	*0.369 (0.242 - 0.560)*	*MidWest Region*
*Mountain*	*0.258 (0.140 - 0.478)*	*MidWest Region*
*West*	*0.677 (0.460 - 0.997)*	*MidWest Region*
Pacific-Northwest	0.990 (0.620 - 1.581)	MidWest Region
Rural	1.127 (0.901 - 1.409)
Distance to Chiropractic College - Far	1.068 (0.878 - 1.298)	Near (< 150 miles)
Disease History and Comorbidity
Zero Comorbid Conditions	0.851 (0.619 - 1.170)	One Comorbid Condition
Two Comorbid Conditions	1.174 (0.859 - 1.603)	One Comorbid Condition
*Three or More Comorbid Conditions*	*1.833 (1.056 - 3.183)*	*One Comorbid Condition*
Arthritis Ever	1.088 (0.808 - 1.466)
Cancer Ever	0.790 (0.571 - 1.092)
Heart Condition Ever	0.763 (0.565 - 1.031)
Diabetes Now	0.856 (0.609 - 1.202)
*Lung Disease Ever*	*0.607 (0.416 - 0.885)*
Psych Problems Ever	0.965 (0.662 - 1.407)
Hip Fracture Ever	0.783 (0.492 - 1.244)
*Hypertension Ever*	*0.679 (0.506 - 0.912)*
Functional Status
*Bothered by Pain Often*	*1.541 (1.267 - 1.874)*
Difficulty Picking Up a Dime	1.015 (0.721 - 1.428)
Difficulty Lifting 10 Pounds	0.902 (0.706 - 1.152)
Difficulty Pushing/Pulling Large Object	0.899 (0.713 - 1.135)
Difficulty Climbing Flight of Stairs	1.086 (0.840 - 1.402)
Difficulty Walking Several Blocks	0.917 (0.727 - 1.155)
Number of ADLs with Difficulty	0.882 (0.748 - 1.041)
*Number of IADLs with Difficulty*	*0.837 (0.705 - 0.993)*
Depressive Symptoms - One or Two	1.023 (0.851 - 1.229)	No Depressive Symptoms
*Depressive Symptoms - Three or More*	*0.789 (0.612 - 1.016)*	*No Depressive Symptoms*
TICS 7 Score - Zero to Ten	0.887 (0.696 - 1.129)	Eleven to Thirteen TICS 7 Score
TICS 7 Score - Fourteen to Fifteen	0.913 (0.761 - 1.096)	Eleven to Thirteen TICS 7 Score
Health Lifestyles
Never Smoked	1.162 (0.973 - 1.387)	Current or Former Smoker
Ever Drink Alcohol	1.162 (0.976 - 1.385)	Never Drink Alcohol
Obese Weight (BMI ≥ 30)	0.985 (0.757 - 1.281)	Normal Weight
*Over Weight (25 ≤ BMI < 30)*	*1.259 (1.058 - 1.499)*	*Normal Weight*
Under Weight (BMI < 18.5)	0.468 (0.241 - 0.910)	Normal Weight
Self-Rated Health
*Excellent*	*1.613 (1.026 - 2.536)*	*Poor Self-Rated Health*
*Very Good*	*1.658 (1.108 - 2.481)*	*Poor Self-Rated Health*
Good	1.227 (0.839 - 1.797)	Poor Self-Rated Health
Fair	1.066 (0.736 - 1.544)	Poor Self-Rated Health
Utilization of Health Services in Prior 12 months
Number of Hospitalizations	0.837 (0.671 - 1.043)
Number of Physician Visits - One or Less	0.853 (0.681 - 1.069)	Two to Three Physician Visits
Number of Physician Visits - Four to Six	1.214 (0.981 - 1.502)	Two to Three Physician Visits
*Number of Physician Visits - Seven or More*	*1.415 (1.098 - 1.823)*	*Two to Three Physician Visits*
*Supply of Physicians per 1000 - County level*	*0.916 (0.853 - 0.984)*

Note: Physician visit counts are in response to the question of how many visits to medical doctors the individual had made. Significant predictors at the 5% level are shown in bold face italics.