Chiropractic Use and Changes in Health among Older Medicare Beneficiaries: A Comparative Effectiveness Observational Study

doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2013.08.008

PMC full text:

J Manipulative Physiol Ther. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as:

J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2013 Nov-Dec; 36(9): 10.1016/j.jmpt.2013.08.008.

Published online 2013 Oct 18. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2013.08.008

Copyright/License ►Request permission to reuse: Copyright notice and Disclaimer

Table 4

Propensity score weight adjusted baseline covariates in full cohort and back condition samples

	Full Cohort (N = 5,871)				Back Condition Cohort (N = 3,518)

	Chiropractic Users	Non- users	d	Variance Ratio	Chiropractic Users	Non- users	d	Variance Ratio

Demographic Factors
Age	77.1	77.2	0	0.98	76.8	76.9	0.00	0.93
Male (%)	0.42	0.39	0.07	1.01	0.34	0.33	0.02	0.98
Race (%)
White	0.83	0.81	0.04	0.92	0.86	0.83	0.09	0.81
African American	0.12	0.12	0.01	1.01	0.10	0.11	0.02	0.91
Hispanic	0.04	0.06	0.07	0.74	0.03	0.05	0.10	0.63
Marital Status (%)
Married	0.57	0.53	0.09	0.97	0.55	0.52	0.08	0.95
Never Married	0.02	0.03	0.08	0.94	0.02	0.03	0.06	0.66
Separated/Divorced	0.06	0.05	0.02	1.07	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.82
Widowed	0.35	0.39	0.06	0.66	0.38	0.40	0.05	0.94
Socioeconomic Factors (%)
Educational Attainment
Grade School or Less	0.24	0.26	0.05	0.94	0.22	0.25	0.05	0.90
Some High School	0.13	0.17	0.10	0.81	0.14	0.17	0.07	0.84
High School	0.36	0.30	0.14	1.09	0.36	0.30	0.14	1.09
Some College	0.26	0.27	0.02	0.96	0.27	0.29	0.04	0.93
Income
IncomeQ1	0.11	0.15	0.13	0.73	0.12	0.16	0.11	0.75
IncomeQ2	0.31	0.29	0.04	1.02	0.28	0.28	0.01	0.97
IncomeQ3	0.12	0.13	0.03	0.91	0.13	0.13	0.01	0.94
IncomeQ4	0.23	0.19	0.09	1.13	0.2	0.19	0.05	1.03
IncomeQ5	0.24	0.24	0	0.98	0.27	0.25	0.05	1.01
Health Status Factors (%)
3+ Comorbid Conditions	0.19	0.17	0.04	1.05	0.19	0.18	0.04	1.02
Angina	0.08	0.09	0.03	0.9	0.09	0.09	0.01	0.93
Arthritis	0.24	0.25	0.01	0.97	0.29	0.29	0.01	0.97
Cancer	0.11	0.12	0.01	0.96	0.11	0.11	0.01	0.99
Diabetes	0.12	0.12	0.02	0.95	0.11	0.11	0.02	0.93
Heart Attack	0.05	0.07	0.07	0.75	0.05	0.07	0.05	0.78
Hip Fracture	0.05	0.04	0.05	1.24	0.07	0.04	0.10	1.40
Hypertension	0.42	0.45	0.06	0.97	0.44	0.45	0.02	0.96
Lung Disease	0.08	0.07	0.02	1.04	0.06	0.07	0.07	0.76
Psych Problems	0.07	0.06	0.02	1.07	0.07	0.07	0.01	1.00
Stroke	0.09	0.08	0.02	1.03	0.10	0.08	0.06	1.15
ADL Limitations (count)	0.3	0.31	0.02	0.76	0.25	0.31	0.08	0.67
IADL Limitations (count)	0.4	0.36	0.04	1.13	0.33	0.29	0.05	1.24
LBF Limitations (count)	1.18	1.23	0.03	0.94	1.23	1.24	0.01	0.90
Good Vision	0.76	0.75	0.02	0.96	0.77	0.75	0.05	0.91
Good Hearing	0.73	0.74	0.04	1.03	0.75	0.78	0.01	0.97
Depression Score (count)	1.56	1.59	0.01	1	1.54	1.63	0.05	0.95
Pain	0.32	0.33	0.03	0.96	0.36	0.36	0.00	0.96
SRH Good or Better	0.65	0.67	0.04	1.01	0.68	0.67	0.03	0.94
Lifestyle Factors (%)
Engages vigorous activity	0.29	0.3	0.02	0.97	0.31	0.31	0.01	0.95
Obese	0.13	0.14	0.05	0.88	0.14	0.15	0.04	0.90
Over weight	0.53	0.38	0.11	1.03	0.42	0.39	0.07	0.99
Normal weight	0.41	0.45	0.09	0.96	0.41	0.44	0.06	0.94
Underweight	0.04	0.03	0.03	1.17	0.03	0.03	0.05	1.27
Former Smoker	0.44	0.43	0.03	0.99	0.41	0.40	0.02	0.97
Current Smoker	0.08	0.1	0.07	0.8	0.08	0.08	0.03	0.90
≥ 1 Alcoholic Drink Daily	0.1	0.11	0.02	0.93	0.10	0.11	0.02	0.91
Health Services Use (%)
Hospitalizations
No Hospitalizations	0.24	0.25	0.03	0.96	0.15	0.15	0.01	0.99
0.01 to 0.23 Annually	0.28	0.25	0.07	1.06	0.31	0.28	0.06	1.01
0.24 to 0.50 Annually	0.29	0.29	0.01	1	0.32	0.32	0.01	0.97
> 0.50 Annually	0.2	0.22	0.06	0.91	0.22	0.26	0.09	0.86
Continuity of Care
Continuity of Care - 100%	0.05	0.06	0.05	0.81	0.05	0.06	0.02	0.88
Continuity of Care - 0%	0.19	0.31	0.28	0.71	0.15	0.18	0.08	0.84
Terminal Drop (%)
Died within 1 year	0.31	0.32	0.01	0.98	0.32	0.30	0.04	0.99
Died after 1 year	0.31	0.38	0.15	0.89	0.28	0.33	0.10	0.88
Managed Care Status (%)
Ever in Managed Care	0.27	0.24	0.06	1.06	0.19	0.18	0.01	0.97
Respondent Status (%)
Both Self Reports	0.79	0.71	0	1	0.78	0.71	0.14	0.82
Base Self & Final Proxy	0.16	0.21	0.15	0.77	0.17	0.24	0.17	0.74
Base Proxy & Final Self	0.02	0.02	0	0.99	0.02	0.01	0.05	1.41
Both Proxy Reports	0.04	0.06	0.08	0.71	0.04	0.04	0.02	1.04
Time Between Survey Years
Survey Years	8.9	7.85	0.28	0.94	9.12	9.02	0.03	1.06