Usage patterns, health, and nutritional status of long-term multiple dietary supplement users: a cross-sectional study

doi:10.1186/1475-2891-6-30

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Nutr J. 2007; 6: 30.

Published online 2007 Oct 24. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-6-30

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Table 6

Risk of prevalent disease, by supplement user group.

Outcome	Cases: n/(%) **	OR*	95% CI*
Diabetes
Multiple Supp users	8/(2.9)	0.27	0.12--0.59
Single Supp users	23/(11.1)	1.11	0.74--1.67
No Supp users	70/(8.5)	1.00
Coronary Heart Disease
Multiple Supp users	14/(5.0)	0.48	0.22--1.09
Single Supp users	17/(7.1)	1.08	0.52--2.25
No Supp users	47/(5.6)	1.00
Heart Attack
Multiple Supp users	7/(2.5)	0.51	0.18--1.41
Single Supp users	16/(7.6)	1.76	0.90--3.42
No Supp users	44/(4.4)	1.00
Angina
Multiple Supp users	6/(2.2)	0.41	0.14--1.18
Single Supp users	12/(6.8)	1.71	0.82--3.59
No Supp users	35/(4.7)	1.00
Congestive Heart Failure
Multiple Supp users	4/(1.4)	0.73	0.18--2.95
Single Supp users	9/(2.8)	0.88	0.26--2.97
No Supp users	31/(3.5)	1.00
Stroke
Multiple Supp users	5/(1.8)	1.42	0.39--5.17
Single Supp users	6/(2.6)	1.26	0.34--4.67
No Supp users	29/(2.5)	1.00
Arthritis
Multiple Supp users	88/(31.7)	1.00	0.69--1.46
Single Supp users	71/(31.8)	1.23	0.77--1.98
No Supp users	189/(26.7)	1.00
Emphysema
Multiple Supp users	3/(1.1)	0.55	0.09--3.41
Single Supp users	4/(1.8)	0.73	0.32--1.64
No Supp users	23/(2.3)	1.00
Health Status^†
Multiple Supp users	44/(15.8)	0.26	0.17--0.41
Single Supp users	86/(44.4)	0.75	0.45--1.23
No Supp users	302/(50.9)	1.00

* Logistic regression methods were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for sex, age and age², education, income and income², and body mass index. The referent group for risk estimation was the No Supp group.

** Number of events, weighted percent

^†Self-assessed as 'good, fair, or poor' versus 'excellent or very good.'