| PMC full text: | Published online 2014 Nov 18. doi: 10.3390/nu6115184
|
Table 2
n-3 PUFA and breast cancer risk: Case-control studies.
| Year | Country | Subjects Characteristics | Method of Assessment | n-3/n-6 PUFA Source | BC Risk | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | Japan | 103 incident BC cases 309 controls | erythrocyte membrane FFQ | dietary food intake including soy and meat products, fish and other seafood, vegetables | ↑ dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids ↓ BC risk ↑ long chain n-3 PUFA in erythrocyte ↓ BC risk ↑ saturated fatty ↑ BC risk | [46] |
| 2007 | China | 322 incident BC cases 1030 controls | erythrocyte membrane | ↑ total n-3 fatty acids and EPA ↓ BC risk | [47] | |
| 2009 | China | 155 NPFC 1 185 PFC 2 241 BC, 1030 controls | erythrocyte membrane FFQ | dietary food intake | ↑ EPA ↓ risk of NPFC ↓ progression of PFC to BC ↑ γ-linolenic acid ↑ risk of NPFC, PFC and BC | [38] |
| 2002 | US | 73 BC patients 74 controls | breast adipose tissue | ↑ EPA and DHA ↓ n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio ↓ BC risk ↑ n-6 PUFA ↑ BC risk | [18] | |
| 2003 | US | 565 incident BC 554 controls | FFQ | daily fat intake | ↓ n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio ↓ BC risk (premenopausal) ↑EPA, DHA ↓ BC risk (21% and 18%, respectively) | [41] |
| 2009 | Denmark | 463 BC cases 1098 controls | Gluteal adipose tissue biopsy | dietary food intake | No association between total or individual marine n-3 PUFA in adipose tissue and risk of BC | [44] |
| 2002 | France | 241 invasive BC cases 88 controls-benign breast disease | breast adipose tissue | ↑ ALA ↑ DHA ↓ n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio ↓ BC risk | [45] | |
| 2012 | Mexican | 1000 incident BC cases 1074 controls | Interview and FFQ | dietary food intake | ↑ n-3 PUFA ↓ BC risk (obese women) ↑ n-6 PUFA ↑ BC risk (premenopausal) | [19] |
| 2009 | South Korea | 358 incident BC patients 360 controls | FFQ | fatty and lean fish | ↑ fatty fish consumption ↓ BC risk ↑EPA and DHA derived from fish ↓ BC risk | [39] |
2 non-proliferative fibrocystic conditions (NPFC);
↑: increase;
↓: decrease.