| PMC full text: | Published online 2014 Nov 18. doi: 10.3390/nu6115184
|
Table 7
Individual role of ALA, EPA and DHA on BC.
| n-3 PUFA | Amount of Fatty Acid | Effect | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALA | NA | Moderate decrease BC risk | NA | [45] |
| ~22.8 g of ALA per kg diet | Reduced tumor cell proliferation | Inhibited HER2, EGFR expression | [78] | |
| ~22.8 g of ALA per kg diet | Inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation | [78] | ||
| ~11 g ALA per kg diet | Reduced tumor incidence and burden | Increased BAX/Bcl-2 ratio | [93] | |
| 10.6 g ALA per kg diet | Decreased tumor growth rate | Inhibited HER2 expression | [105] | |
| 72 μM ALA | Moderate inhibited ER-negative cell proliferation, not affect MCF-7 | NA | [124] | |
| 30 μM of ALA | Slightly inhibited MCF-7 | NA | [122] | |
| NA | Inversely associated with BC risk | NA | [133] | |
| NA | Inversely correlated with metastasis development | NA | [134] | |
| 55.9 g ALA per kg diet | Reduced tumor growth and metastasis | NA | [135] | |
| 8 g ALA per kg diet | Decreased tumor growth rate | NA | [136] | |
| 10 g ALA per kg diet | Reduced tumor burden and increased survival rate | NA | [137] | |
| 2.5-40 μM of ALA | enhanced cytotoxic effects of Trastuzumab (at 10 μM of ALA) | Down-regulated HER2 (at 20 μM of ALA) | [138] | |
| 10 μM of ALA | Diminished proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular domain of HER2 | Inhibited HER-2 activity | [139] | |
| ~21.2 g of ALA per kg diet | Minimal inhibited tumor growth w/wo Trastuzumab | NA | [140] | |
| 52.8 g of ALA per kg diet | Inhibited mammary tumor development | NA | [141] | |
| EPA | 40–80 g of EPA per kg diet | Slowed down tumor growth, reduced tumor burden | Decreased AA derived-eicosanoid | [20] |
| 3–100 μM of EPA | Induced BC cell apoptosis (at 50 μM of EPA) | NA | [86] | |
| 40–200 μM of EPA | Restored the growth inhibitory effect of Tamoxifen (at 40 μM of EPA) | Decreased pAkt (at 20 μM of EPA) | [97] | |
| 20–80 g of EPA per kg diet | Inhibited the development of lung metastasis | NA | [126] | |
| 100 μM of EPA | Inhibited MCF-7 cell growth | NA | [125] | |
| 40 μM of EPA | Induced apoptosis, inhibited cell proliferation, arrested cell cycle at G0/G1 | down-regulated Bcl-2 expression | [142] | |
| 95 g of EPA per kg diet | Reduced KPL-1 cell proliferation rate and metastasis | NA | [143] | |
| 42 g of EPA per kg diet | Suppressed cell proliferation in MCF-7 xenografts in rats | NA | [144] | |
| 50 μM of EPA | Increased PPARγ at mRNA level | NA | [145] | |
| 0–200 μM of EPA | Inhibited MCF-7 cell growth (at 60 μM of EPA) | NA | [146] | |
| DHA | 120 μM of DHA | Decreased cancer cell viability, enhanced the cytotoxic activity of taxanes | Decreased the expression of Her-2/neu | [5] |
| 100 μM of DHA | Disrupted lipid rafts, induced apoptosis in HER-2 overexpressing cells | Decreased Akt activity and FAN | [6] | |
| 100 μM of DHA | Decreased MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, enhanced EGFR inhibitors | Altered EGFR phosphorylation and localization | [56] | |
| 0–200 μM of DHA | Reduced MCF-7 cell viability and DNA synthesis (at 25 μM of DHA) | Increased lipid peroxidation, capase 8 activation | [146] | |
| 20 or 100 μM of DHA | Inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, promoted nuclear condensation | Increased caspase-3 activity (at 100 μM of DHA) | [147] | |
| 10–160 μM of DHA | Inhibited MCF-7 cell growth and induced apoptosis (at 40 μM of DHA) | Downregulated Bcl-2, increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio | [148] | |
| 270 μM of DHA | 50% inhibitory KPL-1 cell growth after 72 h treatment | Downregulated Bcl-2, increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio | [149] | |
| 40 g of DHA per kg diet | Decreased tumor growth rate and final tumor weight, increased apoptosis | Reduced tumor PGE2, decreased Ki-67 | [150] | |
| 32 g of DHA per kg diet | Reduced tumor incidence | Increased BRCA1 at protein level | [151] | |
| 30 μM of DHA | 50% inhibitory MCF7 cell growth after 96 h treatment | Increased BRCA1/2 at transcriptional level | [152] | |
| NA | Increased response of the tumor to chemotherapies, increased survival rate | [153] |
NA: not available.