TABLE 1
Characteristics of the study participants1
| Multivitamin supplement2 | ||||
| All (n = 586) | Nonusers (n = 203) | Users (n = 378) | P value3 | |
| Age (y) | 53.6 ± 9.64 | 51.6 ± 9.1 | 54.6 ± 9.7 | 0.0005 |
| Non-Hispanic whites [n(%)] | 493 (84.1) | 162 (79.8) | 327 (86.5) | 0.03 |
| Education [n(%)] | 0.005 | |||
| ≤High school | 90 (15.4) | 40 (19.7) | 49 (13.0) | |
| Some college | 152 (25.9) | 63 (31.0) | 88 (23.3) | |
| Associate degrees/technical training | 84 (14.3) | 31 (15.3) | 53 (14.0) | |
| College graduate | 148 (25.3) | 37 (18.2) | 110 (29.1) | |
| Graduate degree | 112 (19.1) | 32 (15.8) | 78 (20.6) | |
| Smoking [n(%)] | 0.009 | |||
| Former | 173 (29.5) | 54 (26.6) | 116 (30.7) | |
| Current | 136 (23.2) | 62 (30.5) | 73 (19.3) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.5 ± 6.2 | 28.2 ± 6.6 | 27.2 ± 5.9 | 0.09 |
| Physical activity (MET hours) | 47.2 ± 30.0 | 44.2 ± 27.4 | 48.6 ± 31.0 | 0.07 |
| Self-reported health [n(%)] | 0.5 | |||
| Excellent | 185 (31.6) | 62 (30.5) | 121 (32.0) | |
| Very good | 211 (36.0) | 67 (33.0) | 142 (37.6) | |
| Good | 145 (24.7) | 56 (27.6) | 88 (23.3) | |
| Fair or poor | 45 (7.7) | 18 (8.9) | 27 (7.1) | |
| Perceived stress level [n(%)] | 0.08 | |||
| Very low | 109 (18.6) | 35 (17.2) | 74 (19.6) | |
| Low | 144 (24.6) | 43 (21.2) | 99 (26.2) | |
| Moderate | 108 (18.4) | 44 (21.7) | 63 (16.7) | |
| High | 128 (21.8) | 39 (19.2) | 89 (23.5) | |
| Very high | 97 (16.6) | 42 (20.7) | 53 (14.0) | |
| Self-reported diabetes or cardiovascular diseases [n(%)] | 112 (19.1) | 37 (18.2) | 74 (19.6) | 0.7 |
| Total energy (kcal) | 1590 ± 535 | 1590 ± 597 | 1594 ± 501 | 0.9 |
2Five women were missing data on multivitamin use.
3A Student's t test was used for continuous variables, and a chi-square test was used for categorical variables.
4Mean ± SD (all such values).