Table 2
Summary of biological effects of stilbenoids.
| Study | Model | Stilbenoid | Dose | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular/Blood Pressure | ||||
| Behbahani | WKY rat | resveratrol | 2.5 mg/kg per day (for 10 weeks) | increased compliance and reduced wall stiffness in mesenteric small arteries |
| Thandapilly et al. [55] | SHR | resveratrol | 2.5 mg/kg per day (for 10 weeks) | prevention of developed concentric hypertrophy, systolic/diastolic dysfunction; no effect on blood pressure (BP) |
| Li et al. [56] | SHR | resveratrol | 200 mg/kg (for 4 weeks) | increased endothelial NO production; reduced BP |
| Riche et al. [59] | human | pterostilbene | 125 mg twice daily (for 6–8 weeks) | increased LDL cholesterol and reduced BP |
| Tome-Carneiro et al. [110] | human, stable coronary artery disease | grape extract + resveratrol | 8.1 mg/day (6 months); then 16.2 mg/day (6 months) | increased anti-inflammatory serum adiponectin, decreased thrombogenic PAI-1 |
| Platelet biology | ||||
| Olas et al. [63] | in vitro | resveratrol | 25–100 μg/mL | inhibition of adhesion of platelets to fibrinogen/collagen |
| I/R Injury | ||||
| Yu et al. [79] | SD rat (30 min ischemia; 3 h reperfusion) | pterostilbene | 10 mg/kg | reduced superoxide generation, MDA; increased SOD; reduced myocardial infarction and apoptosis |
| Hung et al. [82] | SD rat | piceatannol | 2.5 × 10−4 g/kg | reduced incidence and duration of ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation; prevention of mortality, increased NO and decreased LDH levels |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Um et al. [120] | AMPK subunit (α1/α2) deficient mice | resveratrol | 400 mg/kg per day (12 weeks) | AMPK dependent: increased insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and mitochondrial biogenesis |
| Bhatt et al. [121] | humans (with type II diabetis mellitus) | resveratrol | 250 mg/day for 3 months | improved HbA1c, systolic BP, total cholesterol and total protein |
| Gomez-Zorita et al. [125] | diabetic rat (induced by obesogenic diet) | pterostilbene | 15–30 mg/day for 6 weeks | improved glycaemic control due to increased hepatic glucokinase activity and skeletal muscle glucose uptake |
| Nemes-Nagy et al. [129] | human (children with T1DM) | blueberry and sea buckthorn concentrate | 3 × 1 comprimates per day for 2 months | increased SOD activity, decreased levels of glycated hemoglobin and increased C peptide concentration |
| Neurodegeneration | ||||
| Ren et al. [141] | SD rat | resveratrol | 15–30 mg/kg for 7 days | Reduced cerebral infarct volume, decreased MDA levels, restored SOD activity, increased Nrf2 and HO-1 and reduced caspase-3 expression |
| Ma et al. [143] | rat model (vascular dementia) | resveratrol | 25 mg/kg per day | decreased malonyldialdehyde levels; increased SOD activity and glutathione levels; improved learning and memory ability |
| Naik et al. [144] | SD rat (streptozotocin-induced memory deficit) | pterostilbene | 10–50 mg/kg per day for 13 days | improved memory and cognition; improved brain antioxidants [catalase, SOD, glutathione (GSH)]; improved cholinergic transmission. |
| Ban et al. [145] | SD rat | oxyresveratrol | 10 μM | inhibition of Aβ-induced neuronal cell death, elevation of cytosolic [Ca] and ROS generation |
| Evans et al. [150] | human (postmenopausal women) | resveratrol | 75 mg twice per day for 14 weeks | improved memory, mood and overall cognitive performance |
| Obesity | ||||
| Timmers et al. [156] | Human (obese) | resveratrol | 150 mg/day for 30 days | reduced sleeping and resting metabolic rate; in muscle, activated AMPK, increased SIRT1 and PGC-1α protein levels; decreased systolic BP and improved HOMA index |
| Aguirre et al. [163] | Zucker (fa/fa) rat model | pterostilbene | 15–30 mg/kg per day for 6 weeks | increased thermogenic and oxidative capacity of brown adipose tissue |
| Cancer | ||||
| Nutakul et al. [179] | human colon cancer cells | resveratrol and pterostilbene | 0–100 μM for between 30 min to 10 days | pterostilbene: more potent inhibitor of colony formation, stronger apoptosis-inducing effects, and 2–4-fold higher intracellular pterostilbene levels than resveratrol |
| Jayasooriya et al. [178] | human prostate cancer cells | piceatannol | 0–40 μM for 24 h | inhibition of TNF-α-induced invasion of cancer cells through suppression of MMP-9 activation via the Akt-mediated NF-ĸB pathway |
| Remsberg et al. [30] | SD rats | gnetol | 10–100 mg/kg per day, for 0–72 h | reductions in cell viability in cancer cell lines (i.e., colorectal cancer); activities in COX-1, COX-2, histone deacetylase and decreased inflammation |
| Pigmentation | ||||
| Lee et al. [189] | male guinea pig model | resveratrol | dissolved in ethanol/propylene glycol (3:7, v/v) | reduced expression of melanogenesis-related proteins; decreased hyperpigmentation in ultraviolet B-stimulated skin |
| Yoon et al. [190] | B16/F10 murine melanoma cells | pterostilbene and resveratrol trimethyl ether (RTE) | 10 μM for 48 h | inhibition of α-MSH-induced melanin synthesis, stronger downregulation of tyrosinase protein expression and α-MSH stimulated protein than RTE |
| Yokozawa et al. [192] | B16/F10 melanoma cells | piceatannol | 0–400 μM for 24 h | greater antityrosinase activity than kojic and resveratrol; down-regulation of melanin content, suppressed ROS generation and enhanced GSH/GSSG ratio |