Table 2.
Prevention of chronic diseases using plant anthocyanins.
| Health benefits of anthocyanins | References |
|---|---|
| Cardiovascular disease | |
| Inhibited platelet aggregation (in vitro antithrombotic properties) | [71] |
| Possessed vasorelaxation properties in isolated coronary artery rings of mature female pigs | [72] |
| Decreased susceptibility to ischemia-reperfusion injury and infarct size with increased myocardial antioxidant enzyme | [73] |
| Improved lipid profile and platelet function in healthy volunteers | [74] |
| Anticancer effect | |
| Suppressed cell proliferation, inflammation, and angiogenesis and induced apoptosis in esophageal tissue of rats | [75] |
| Demonstrated significant anti-invasive potential in breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF7) | [76] |
| Demonstrated anticancer effect on BALB/c nude mice bearing MDA-MB-453 cell xenografts and breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-453) by inducing apoptosis and suppressing angiogenesis | [77] |
| Inhibited cell migration and invasion, suppressed activation of rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and downregulated secretion of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9 of MDA-MB-453 cells (HER2+) | [78] |
| Inhibited growth of human HT-29 colon cancer cells, increased expression of tumor suppression genes (p21WAF1 and p27KIP1) and decreased cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression | [79] |
| Reduced colonic aberrant crypt foci, colonic cellular proliferation and COX-2 mRNA expression in rats. | [80] |
| Suppressed formation of aberrant crypt foci in colons of CF-1 mice | [81] |
| Promoted apoptosis in benign prostatic hyperplasia rats | [82] |
| Possessed anti-invasive effect on human hepatoma Hep3B cells and inhibited matrix metalloproteinase MMP-2 and MMP-9 gene expression | [83] |
| Inhibited Akt-mTOR signalling thereby inducing maturation of acute myeloid leukaemia cells, besides inducing apoptotic players such as TRAIL in cancer systems | [84] |
| Diabetes | |
| Ameliorated hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in diabetic mice | [85] |
| Improved dyslipidemia, enhanced antioxidant capacity, and prevented insulin resistance in human subjects with type 2 diabetes | [86] |
| Alleviated glomerular angiogenesis of diabetic kidneys by attenuating the induction of VEGF and HIF-1α in studied mice | [87] |
| Ameliorated renal apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy mice via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) which eventually inhibit oxidative stress and lipotoxicity. | [88] |
| Activated adipose tissue-derived adiponectin to defend against diabetes-related endothelial dysfunction in mice | [89] |