Association of habitual glucosamine use with risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective study in UK Biobank

Hao Ma; Xiang Li; Dianjianyi Sun; Tao Zhou; Sylvia H Ley; Jeanette Gustat; Yoriko Heianza; Lu Qi

doi:10.1136/bmj.l1628

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of UK Biobank participants by glucosamine use.
Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise

Characteristics Glucosamine non-user Glucosamine user
No of participants 376 054 (80.7) 89 985 (19.3)
Mean (SD) age (years) 55.6 (8.2) 58.9 (7.1)
Women 203 105 (54.0) 57 228 (63.6)

Race:
White European 339 092 (90.2) 82 879 (92.1)
Mixed 14 730 (3.9) 2651 (2.9)
South Asian 13 597 (3.6) 2913 (3.2)
Black 2289 (0.6) 379 (0.4)
Others 6346 (1.7) 1163 (1.3)
Mean (SD) body mass index 27.3 (4.8) 27.3 (4.6)

Household income (£):
<18 000 70 399 (18.7) 15 766 (17.5)
18 000-30 999 79 117 (21.0) 21 827 (24.3)
31 000-51 999 85 725 (22.8) 20 411 (22.7)
52 000-100 000 68 972 (18.3) 14 752 (16.4)
>100 000 16 686 (5.0) 3677 (4.1)
“Do not know” or missing 53 155 (14.1) 13 552 (15.1)

Physical activity (min/week):
<150 154 087 (41.0) 30 855 (34.3)
≥150 221 967 (59.0) 59 130 (65.7)

Smoking status:
Current 42 376 (11.3) 5815 (6.5)
Former 122 909 (32.7) 33 796 (37.6)
Never 209 261 (55.6) 50 082 (55.7)
Missing 1508 (0.4) 292 (0.3)
Mean (SD) alcohol intake (g/week) 80.1 (124.7) 70.6 (102.6)
Healthy diet 252 982 (67.3) 70 854 (78.7)

Disease history:
Diabetes 17 992 (4.8) 2897 (3.2)
Hypertension 192 129 (51.1) 47 752 (53.1)
High cholesterol 39 151 (10.4) 10 074 (11.2)
Arthritis 31 282 (8.3) 15 285 (17.0)

Drug use:
Antihypertensive 67 300 (17.9) 16 184 (18.0)
Lipid treatment 49 697 (13.2) 12 518 (13.9)
Insulin treatment 3747 (1.0) 529 (0.6)
Aspirin 36 769 (9.8) 9999 (11.1)
Non-aspirin NSAID 53 688 (14.3) 17 290 (19.2)

Supplement use:
Vitamins 98 997 (26.3) 50 114 (55.7)
Minerals and other dietary supplements 112 397 (29.9) 62 832 (69.8)
Genetic predisposition score:
Mean (SD) CHD predisposition score* 4.82 (0.37) 4.82 (0.37)
Mean (SD) stroke predisposition score† 1.77 (0.32) 1.76 (0.32)

£1.00=$1.30, €1.20.
CHD=coronary heart disease;
NASID=non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
^*Data were available for 393 771 participants.
^†Data were available for 330 419 participants.

Characteristics	Glucosamine non-user	Glucosamine user
No of participants	376 054 (80.7)	89 985 (19.3)
Mean (SD) age (years)	55.6 (8.2)	58.9 (7.1)
Women	203 105 (54.0)	57 228 (63.6)

Race:
White European	339 092 (90.2)	82 879 (92.1)
Mixed	14 730 (3.9)	2651 (2.9)
South Asian	13 597 (3.6)	2913 (3.2)
Black	2289 (0.6)	379 (0.4)
Others	6346 (1.7)	1163 (1.3)
Mean (SD) body mass index	27.3 (4.8)	27.3 (4.6)

Household income (£):
<18 000	70 399 (18.7)	15 766 (17.5)
18 000-30 999	79 117 (21.0)	21 827 (24.3)
31 000-51 999	85 725 (22.8)	20 411 (22.7)
52 000-100 000	68 972 (18.3)	14 752 (16.4)
>100 000	16 686 (5.0)	3677 (4.1)
“Do not know” or missing	53 155 (14.1)	13 552 (15.1)

Physical activity (min/week):
<150	154 087 (41.0)	30 855 (34.3)
≥150	221 967 (59.0)	59 130 (65.7)

Smoking status:
Current	42 376 (11.3)	5815 (6.5)
Former	122 909 (32.7)	33 796 (37.6)
Never	209 261 (55.6)	50 082 (55.7)
Missing	1508 (0.4)	292 (0.3)
Mean (SD) alcohol intake (g/week)	80.1 (124.7)	70.6 (102.6)
Healthy diet	252 982 (67.3)	70 854 (78.7)

Disease history:
Diabetes	17 992 (4.8)	2897 (3.2)
Hypertension	192 129 (51.1)	47 752 (53.1)
High cholesterol	39 151 (10.4)	10 074 (11.2)
Arthritis	31 282 (8.3)	15 285 (17.0)

Drug use:
Antihypertensive	67 300 (17.9)	16 184 (18.0)
Lipid treatment	49 697 (13.2)	12 518 (13.9)
Insulin treatment	3747 (1.0)	529 (0.6)
Aspirin	36 769 (9.8)	9999 (11.1)
Non-aspirin NSAID	53 688 (14.3)	17 290 (19.2)

Supplement use:
Vitamins	98 997 (26.3)	50 114 (55.7)
Minerals and other dietary supplements	112 397 (29.9)	62 832 (69.8)
Genetic predisposition score:
Mean (SD) CHD predisposition score*	4.82 (0.37)	4.82 (0.37)
Mean (SD) stroke predisposition score†	1.77 (0.32)	1.76 (0.32)