| NHANES 2007-10 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | No supplement use (n = 861) | Single supplement or single purpose supplement (n = 197) | Multi-vitamin/mineral supplement (n = 295) | MDS1 (n = 936) | LTMDS1 (n = 153) | |
| 1MDS = multiple dietary supplement use; LTMDS = long-term multiple dietary supplement use. 2Geometric means and 95% CIs are presented. 3 Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, income (<$40,000, ≥ $40,000, undisclosed), education level (≤8th grade, 9-11th grade, high school, some college, and college and above), BMI and history of CVD. Cholesterol outcomes have additional adjustment for lipid lowering medication use and glucose and insulin outcomes have additional adjustment for diabetes medication use. 4 P-value for comparison to the “no supplement use” category. 5 Model 2: Model 1 with additional adjustment for dietary fiber intake and energy intake. 6LTMDS category significantly different from NHANES MDS category at the 0.05 alpha level. 7Data analyzed using square root transformation and back transformed to origorning subsample. aSample sizes for NHANES groups are as follows: No supplement use n = 387, single supplement/single purpose n = 98, multivitamin n = 143, ≥ 2 supplements per day n = 430. | ||||||
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)2 | ||||||
| Model 13 | 201 (197, 206) | 197 (192, 202) | 195 (189, 200) | 198 (194, 201) | 200 (193, 208) | |
| P-value4 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.050 | 0.780 | ||
| Model 25 | 202 (198, 206) | 196 (191, 202) | 195 (189, 200) | 197 (194, 201) | 200 (193, 208) | |
| P-value | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.69 | ||
| HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)2 | ||||||
| Model 1 | 52.0 (50.8, 53.3) | 52.3 (50.3, 54.4) | 53.1 (51.6, 54.7) | 54.2 (53.3, 55.1) | 60.0 (57.4, 62.7)6 | |
| P-value | 0.82 | 0.12 | 0.02 | <0.001 | ||
| Model 2 | 52.2 (50.9, 53.4) | 52.3 (50.3, 54.5) | 53.2 (51.6, 54.9) | 54.2 (53.3, 55.0) | 60.1 (57.5, 62.8) 6 | |
| P-value | 0.86 | 0.11 | 0.02 | <0.001 | ||
| Calculated LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)7,8 | ||||||
| Model 1 | 122 (118, 126) | 110 (104, 117) | 113 (107, 119) | 115 (111, 118) | 112 (105, 119) | |
| P-value | 0.001 | 0.05 | <0.001 | 0.03 | ||
| Model 2 | 122 (118, 127) | 110 (104, 117) | 113 (107, 120) | 115 (111, 118) | 112 (105, 119) | |
| P-value | 0.001 | 0.05 | <0.001 | 0.03 | ||
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)2,8 | ||||||
| Model 1 | 109 (104, 114) | 113 (103, 123) | 118 (107, 130) | 106 (100, 112) | 101 (92, 111) | |
| P-value | 0.53 | 0.13 | 0.56 | 0.23 | ||
| Model 2 | 109 (104, 114) | 112 (103, 123) | 117 (106, 129) | 107 (101, 113) | 103 (94, 112) | |
| P-value | 0.59 | 0.189 | 0.64 | 0.30 | ||
| Fasting Glucose (mg/dL)2,8 | ||||||
| Model 1 | 105 (103, 106) | 104 (100, 108) | 106 (104, 109) | 105 (103, 107) | 100 (98, 103)6 | |
| P-value | 0.64 | 0.26 | 0.78 | 0.009 | ||
| Model 2 | 105 (103, 106) | 104 (100, 108) | 106 (103, 109) | 105 (103, 107) | 101 (98, 103) 6 | |
| P-value | 0.71 | 0.35 | 0.88 | 0.03 | ||
| Insulin (μIU/mL)2,8 | ||||||
| Model 1 | 10.2 (9.4, 11.1) | 8.4 (7.4, 9.6) | 10.8 (9.9, 11.7) | 9.1 (8.3, 9.9) | 9.2 (8.1, 10.3) | |
| P-value | 0.01 | 0.39 | 0.02 | 0.17 | ||
| Model 2 | 10.3 (9.4, 11.2) | 8.4 (7.4, 9.6) | 10.7 (9.9, 11.6) | 9.1 (8.4, 9.9) | 9.3 (8.3, 10.5) | |
| P-value | 0.009 | 0.51 | 0.02 | 0.24 | ||
| C-reactive protein ≥ 1.5 mg/L (%) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 57.0 (52.4, 61.6) | 53.4 (46.5, 60.3) | 54.9 (49.7, 60.1) | 50.8 (47.9, 53.6) | 48.4 (39.2, 57.6) | |
| P-value | 0.47 | 0.56 | 0.02 | 0.15 | ||
| Model 2 | 56.3 (51.8, 60.7) | 52.5 (45.9, 59.2) | 54.3 (49.2, 59.5) | 51.4 (48.3, 54.4) | 48.4 (39.3, 57.4) | |
| P-value | 0.41 | 0.59 | 0.05 | 0.17 | ||
