Table 3   Cardiometabolic risk biomarkers:
adjusted least square means and percentages (95% confidence intervals) by supplement group
NHANES 2007-10
OutcomeNo supplement use (n = 861)Single supplement or single purpose supplement (n = 197)Multi-vitamin/mineral supplement (n = 295) MDS1 (n = 936)LTMDS1 (n = 153)
1MDS = multiple dietary supplement use; LTMDS = long-term multiple dietary supplement use.

2Geometric means and 95% CIs are presented. 3   Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, income (<$40,000, ≥ $40,000, undisclosed), education level (≤8th grade, 9-11th grade, high school, some college, and college and above), BMI and history of CVD. Cholesterol outcomes have additional adjustment for lipid lowering medication use and glucose and insulin outcomes have additional adjustment for diabetes medication use. 4     P-value for comparison to the “no supplement use” category. 5   Model 2:    Model 1 with additional adjustment for dietary fiber intake and energy intake. 6LTMDS category significantly different from NHANES MDS category at the 0.05 alpha level. 7Data analyzed using square root transformation and back transformed to origorning subsample. aSample sizes for NHANES groups are as follows: No supplement use n = 387, single supplement/single purpose n = 98, multivitamin n = 143, ≥ 2 supplements per day n = 430.

Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)2

   Model 13201 (197, 206)197 (192, 202)195 (189, 200)198 (194, 201)200 (193, 208)

          P-value40.180.090.0500.780

   Model 25202 (198, 206)196 (191, 202)195 (189, 200)197 (194, 201)200 (193, 208)

     P-value 0.090.070.020.69

HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)2

   Model 152.0 (50.8, 53.3)52.3 (50.3, 54.4)53.1 (51.6, 54.7)54.2 (53.3, 55.1)60.0 (57.4, 62.7)6

     P-value 0.820.120.02<0.001

   Model 252.2 (50.9, 53.4)52.3 (50.3, 54.5)53.2 (51.6, 54.9)54.2 (53.3, 55.0)60.1 (57.5, 62.8) 6

     P-value 0.860.110.02<0.001

Calculated LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)7,8

   Model 1122 (118, 126)110 (104, 117)113 (107, 119)115 (111, 118)112 (105, 119)

     P-value 0.0010.05<0.0010.03

   Model 2122 (118, 127)110 (104, 117)113 (107, 120)115 (111, 118)112 (105, 119)

     P-value 0.0010.05<0.0010.03

Triglycerides (mg/dL)2,8

   Model 1109 (104, 114)113 (103, 123)118 (107, 130)106 (100, 112)101 (92, 111)

     P-value 0.530.130.560.23

   Model 2109 (104, 114)112 (103, 123)117 (106, 129)107 (101, 113)103 (94, 112)

     P-value 0.590.1890.640.30

Fasting Glucose (mg/dL)2,8

   Model 1105 (103, 106)104 (100, 108)106 (104, 109)105 (103, 107)100 (98, 103)6

     P-value 0.640.260.780.009

   Model 2105 (103, 106)104 (100, 108)106 (103, 109)105 (103, 107)101 (98, 103) 6

     P-value 0.710.350.880.03

Insulin (μIU/mL)2,8

   Model 110.2 (9.4, 11.1)8.4 (7.4, 9.6)10.8 (9.9, 11.7)9.1 (8.3, 9.9)9.2 (8.1, 10.3)

     P-value0.010.390.020.17

   Model 210.3 (9.4, 11.2)8.4 (7.4, 9.6)10.7 (9.9, 11.6)9.1 (8.4, 9.9)9.3 (8.3, 10.5)

     P-value 0.0090.510.020.24

C-reactive protein ≥ 1.5 mg/L (%)

   Model 157.0 (52.4, 61.6)53.4 (46.5, 60.3)54.9 (49.7, 60.1)50.8 (47.9, 53.6)48.4 (39.2, 57.6)

     P-value 0.470.560.020.15

   Model 256.3 (51.8, 60.7)52.5 (45.9, 59.2)54.3 (49.2, 59.5)51.4 (48.3, 54.4)48.4 (39.3, 57.4)

     P-value 0.410.590.050.17