J Alzheimers Dis 2025 (Jun 24): 13872877251351329

Table 1.

Patient characteristics of the semaglutide group and the insulin group before and after propensity-score matching.

	Before Propensity-Score Matching			After Propensity-Score Matching
	Semaglutide	Insulin	SMD	Semaglutide	Insulin	SMD
Total number	64,267	1,156,564		64,115	64,115
Age at index event (y, mean ± SD)	57.7 ± 12.2	64.9 ± 14.1	0.47*	57.7 ± 12.2	57.4 ± 14.0	0.03
Sex (%)
Female	51.9	45.3	0.13*	51.9	52.5	0.01
Male	41.9	51.2	0.19*	41.9	41.6	0.007
Unknown	6.2	3.5	0.13*	6.2	5.9	0.01
Ethnicity (%)
Hispanic/Latinx	7.4	9.7	0.08	7.5	7.7	0.01
Not Hispanic/Latinx	66.6	62.3	0.09	66.6	66.8	0.004
Unknown	26.0	28.1	0.05	26.0	25.5	0.01
Race (%)
Asian	4.1	4.0	0.007	4.1	3.8	0.01
Black	14.5	18.6	0.11*	14.5	14.7	0.006
White	60.9	59.0	0.04	60.9	61.2	0.007
Unknown	15.9	13.5	0.07	15.9	15.6	0.007
Adverse socioeconomic determinants of health (%)	4.0	2.8	0.06	4.0	4.0	<0.001
Problems related to lifestyle (%)	8.0	5.7	0.09	8.0	8.1	0.003
T2DM complications (%)
Renal	19.7	19.7	<0.001	19.7	19.5	0.005
Ophthalmic	11.4	8.4	0.10*	11.4	11.4	<0.001
Neurological	22.6	17.7	0.12*	22.6	23.3	0.02
Circulatory	9.4	7.7	0.06	9.4	9.3	0.004
Other specified	58.6	36.1	0.46*	58.6	59.2	0.01
Unspecified	18.5	10.4	0.23*	18.5	18.8	0.008
Pre-existing medical conditions (%)
Overweight and obesity	62.9	31.9	0.65*	62.8	63.5	0.02
Alcohol-related disorders	2.7	4.0	0.08	2.7	2.6	0.006
Tobacco use disorder	13.9	14.9	0.03	13.9	14.0	0.001
Depression	26.7	16.8	0.24*	26.7	27.1	0.009
Conductive and sensorineural hearing loss	6.0	3.8	0.11*	6.0	6.2	0.007
Other and unspecified hearing loss	6.7	4.5	0.10*	6.7	6.8	0.006
Visual disturbances and blindness	11.1	8.1	0.10*	11.1	11.3	0.006
Traumatic brain injury	2.0	2.2	0.01	2.0	2.1	0.004
Hypertension	81.2	70.4	0.26*	81.2	82.0	0.02
Stroke	4.5	7.0	0.11*	4.5	4.3	0.006
Cerebrovascular diseases	10.2	14.6	0.14*	10.2	10.0	0.005
Metabolic disorders	84.8	65.4	0.46*	84.7	85.6	0.02
Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism and other lipidemia	81.1	57.4	0.53*	81.0	82.3	0.03
Mild cognitive impairment	0.8	0.8	0.006	0.8	0.8	0.001
Other symptoms and signs involving cognitive functions and awareness	7.1	8.2	0.04	7.1	7.1	<0.001
COVID-19	4.1	2.5	0.09	4.1	3.6	0.02
Other viral diseases	5.1	2.7	0.13*	5.0	5.1	<0.001
Prior antidiabetic medications (%)
Insulin	51.6	31.4	0.42*	51.5	52.6	0.02
Metformin	76.2	36.4	0.88*	76.1	78.7	0.06
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors	25.4	10.6	0.39*	25.4	25.9	0.01
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors	28.0	4.4	0.68*	27.8	25.8	0.05
Sulfonylureas	35.3	19.6	0.36*	35.3	36.5	0.03
Thiazolidinediones	9.5	4.5	0.20*	9.5	10.0	0.02
Other GLP-1Ras	33.0	5.6	0.74*	32.8	31.0	0.04
Dulaglutide	15.3	2.3	0.47*	15.2	14.0	0.03
Liraglutide	18.5	2.8	0.53*	18.4	16.8	0.04
Exenatide	6.7	1.4	0.27*	6.7	6.6	0.004
Prior medical encounters (%)
Overall medical visits	99.4	90.1	0.43*	99.4	99.5	0.01
Outpatient medical visits	91.8	74.8	0.47*	91.8	92.7	0.03
Inpatient medical visits	34.8	45.9	0.23*	34.8	34.3	0.01
Emergency visits	42.5	41.0	0.03	42.5	42.2	0.006

Shown are groups before and after propensity-score matching for the listed variables. The status of variables was based on the presence of related clinical codes anytime up to 1 day before the index event (first prescription of semaglutide or insulin during 12/2017–5/2021). SMD: standardized mean differences.

^* SMD greater than 0.1, a threshold indicating cohort imbalance.

SD: standard deviation. Adverse socioeconomic determinants of health included housing and economic circumstances, upbringing, education, physical environment, and social environment. Problems with lifestyle included tobacco use, lack of physical exercise, inappropriate diet and eating habits, and others.