Table 2
Summary of study characteristics of the 22 included studies
| Author and year of publication | Study Design | Setting | Age/ grade | Measurements (how did they ask?) | Study Size | Baseline response rate | Follow up response rate | Prevalence/incidence | Type of complaints | Main result (text) | Bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General population studies | |||||||||||
| Abujam et al. 2014 | Cross-sectional | India School based | 6–17 yrs | Questionnaire filled in by children or parents if the child was less than 14 years | 2059 | ? | Lifetime prevalence | Heel/ Ankle pain or swelling | N (%) 72 (3.5%) | High | |
| Adams et al. 2013 | Cross-sectional | US Cohort - Kaiser Permanente Southern California | 2–19 yrs | ICD-9 codes | 913,178 | 1 yrs. prevalence | Lower extremity Injuries or pain Upper extremity: Injuries or pain | 5.8% 5.1% | Low | ||
| Auvinen et al. 2009 | Prospective cohort | Finland 2-years Birth Cohort | 16–18 yrs | Self-reported questionnaire | 7344 | 7344/ 9215 (80%) | 2012/ 2969 (68%) | 6-month prevalence | Shoulder pain Elbow pain Wrist pain Knee pain Ankle pain | Prevalence % (N) F: female, M: male Age: 16 yrs. 18 yrs. F: 52 (506) 63 (616) M: 33 (253) 40 (307) F: 2 (22) 4 (35) M: 5 (37) 5 (37) F: 16 (156) 23 (219) M: 15 (114) 20 (150) F: 18 (178) 21 (201) M: 18 (141) 17 (129) F: 16 (150) 19 (179) M: 18 (142) 15 (116) | High |
| Bishop et al. 2012 | Prospective cohort | England Cohort -Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children | 5–13 yrs | Questionnaire filled in by chief carer | 9380 | 9380/ 13,988 (67%) | 6502/ 13,988 (46%) | Often prevalence | Total replied, n(%) arms, n(%) leg(s), n(%) Total replied, n(%) arms, n(%) leg(s), n(%) Total replied, n(%) arms, n(%) leg(s), n(%) | Age 5* Age 6* 9380 (100.0) 8599 (100.0) 13 + 227 = 240 (2.6) 14 + 299 = 313 (3.6) 1142 + 227 = 1369 (14.6) 1204 + 299 = 1503 (17.5) Age 7* Age 8* 8325 (100.0) 7872 (100.0) 10 + 333 = 343 (4.1) 13 + 475 = 488 (6.2) 1226 + 333 = 1559 (18.7) 1188 + 475 = 1663 (21.1) Age 11* Age 13*6996 (100.0) 6502 (100,0) 22 + 635 = 657 (9.4) 33 + 730 = 763 (11.7) 1386 + 635 = 2021 (28.9) 1342 + 730 = 2072 (31.9) | High |
| Diepenmaat et al. 2006 | Cross-sectional | Holland School based questionnaire | 12–16 yrs | Self-reported questionnaire | 3485 | 3485/ 4898 (71%) | Monthly prevalence, pain lasting a day or longer | Arm pain | Male: 4.2% Female: 3.6% | Low | |
| Ehrmann Feldman et al. 2002 | Prospective cohort | Canada High school based | 7.-9. grade | Self-reported questionnaire | 810 | 810/ 948 (85%) | 502/ 810 (62%) | 6 months and 12 months Incidence | Upper limb Arm Shoulder | 6 monthsb 12 monthsb
19.9% 13.3% 9% 7% 8% 5% | Low |
| El-Metwally et al. 2006 | Cross-sectional | Finland 2-years Birth Cohort | 9–11 yrs | Self-reported questionnaire | 1756 | 1756/ 1823 (96%) | Weekly prevalence, within the last 3 months | Prevalence N(%) Lower limb pain Ankle-foot pain Knee pain Thigh pain Leg pain Hip pain | Traumatic Non-traumatic Both groups 105 (6.0) 216 (12.3) 321 (18.3) 32 (1.8) 154 (8.8) 186 (10.6) 37 (2.1) 181 (10.3) 218 (12.4) 15 (0.9) 166 (9.5) 181 (10.3) 30 (1.7) 89 (5.1) 119 (6.8) 13 (0.7) 47 (2.7) 60 (3.4) | Low | |
| Hoftun et al. 2011 | Cross-sectional | Norway Health Study | 13–18 yrs | Self-reported questionnaire | 7373 | 7373/ 7913 (93%) | Weekly prevalence, within the last 3 months | Upper extremity Lower extremity | 13–15 yrs. (n % 95% CI): 16–18 yrs. (n % 95% CI): 163 4.0 (3.4–4.6) 129 3.9 (3.3–4.6) 522 12.8 (11.8–13.8) 282 8.6 (7.6–9.6) | Low | |
| Hulsegge et al. 2011 | Cross-sectional | Holland Cohort of pregnant women - Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy | 11 yrs | Questionnaire answered by parents and child | 2638 | 2638/ 3963 = (67%) | 1-year prevalence | Upper extremity Lower extremity | 4,8% (Boys: 3.1%, girls: 6.3%) 10,9% (Boys: 10.4%, Girls: 11.2%) | Medium | |
| J espersen et al. 2014 | Prospective | Denmark School based cohort - Childhood Health, Activity and Motor Performance School Study | 6–12 yrs | Repeated text messages and ICD-10 diagnosis given by clinicians | 1259 | 90% for sports schools 71% for normal schools | Weekly mean incidence Weekly mean prevalence | Upper extremity Lower extremity Upper extremity Lower extremity | Injury: 0.2 (± 4.0) Overuse injury: 0.04 (± 2.0) Traumatic injury: 0.1 (± 3.5) Injury: 1.0 (± 9.7) Overuse injury: 0.7 (± 8.2) Traumatic injury: 0.3 (± 5.2) Injury: 0.5 (± 7.2) Overuse injury: 0.2 (± 4.9) Traumatic injury: 0.3 (± 5.8) Injury: 4.1 (± 19.9) Overuse injury: 3.2 (± 17.7) Traumatic injury: 1.1 (± 10.4) | Low | |
| Jespersen et al. 2015 | Prospective | Denmark School based cohort - Childhood Health, Activity and Motor Performance School Study | 6–12 yrs | Repeated text messages and ICD-10 diagnosis given by clinicians | 1259 | 90% for sportsschools 71% for normal schools | Incidence Rate | Shoulder/ Upper Arm Elbow/under Arm Hand/wrist Finger Hip/Groin Thigh Knee Lower leg Achilles Heel Ankle Foot | Overuse Traumatic0.03 (0.02–0.05) 0.03 (0.02–0.04) 0.01 (0.00–0.02) 0.02 (0.01–0.03)0.01 (0.00–0.01) 0.08 (0.06–0.10)0.00 (0.00–0.01) 0.05 (0.03–0.07)0.05 (0.04–0.07) 0.01 (0.00–0.01)0.04 (0.03–0.06) 0.03 (0.02–0.04)0.31 (0.27–0.35) 0.09 (0.07–0.11)0.05 (0.03–0.06) 0.01 (0.00–0.02) 0.06 (0.04–0.08) 0.000.36 (0.31–0.4) 0.000.01 (0.00–0.01) 0.18 (0.15–0.21)0.09 (0.07–0.11) 0.07 (0.05–0.09) | Low | |
| Krul et al. 2009 | Cross-sectional | Holland -Second Dutch National Survey in generel practice | 2–17 yrs | Interview aboutself-reported musculoskeletal symptoms. In children younger than 12 years interview was carried out with a parent. | 2459 | 2459/ 2719 (90%) | 2 weeks prevalence | Upper extremity All ages 2–11 y 12–17 y Lower extremity All ages 2–11 y 12–17 y Hip and knee All ages 2–11 y 12–17 y Ankle and foot All ages 2–11 y 12–17 y | % (n) 1.2 (26) 0.4 (5) 2.7 (21) 6.9 (147) 4.1 (57) 12.4 (90) 3.5 (75) 1.8 (25) 6.5 (50) 3.4 (72) 2.4 (32) 5.5 (40) | Low | |
| Mikkelssona et al. 1997 | Cross-sectional | Finland -School based cohort | 3.-5. grade | Self-reported questionnaire | 1756 | 1756/ 2141 (82%) | 1628/ 1756 (92%) | Weekly prevalence Relative frequency (%) with 95% CI | Upper extremity Lower extremity | Boys: 7 (6–9)b
Girls: 5.5 (4–7)b Boys: 19 (16–22)b Girls: 18 (15–20)b | Low |
| Molgaard et al. 2011 | Single-blind case control (case-cohort) | Denmark High School based | 16–18 yrs | Self-reported questionnaire | 299 | 227/ 299 (76%) | Monthly-prevalence | Non-traumatic knee pain | 57/227 = (25%) | Medium | |
| Rathleff et al. 2013 | Cross-sectional | Denmark – Cohort - Adolescent Pain in Aalborg 2011, | 12–19 yrs | Self-reported questionnaire | 4007 | 2953/ 4007 (73%) | Point prevalence | Knee Shoulder Foot Shin Hip/groin Forearm/hand Thigh Elbow | Any frequency: 32.3 (30.6–34.0) 13.3 (12.1–14.5) 11.5 (10.4–12.7) 6.2 (5.4–7.1) 5.9 (5.0–6.7) 4.4 (3.7–5.1) 2.7 (2.2–3.2) 2.6 (2.1–3.2) | Low | |
| Shrier et al. 2001 | Prospective cohort | Canada High School based | 12–18 yrs | Self-reported questionnaire | 810 | 810/948 (85%) | 502/810 (62%) | Incidence 6 months 12 months (once a week the last 6 months) | Lower extremity Foot/ankle Knee Leg Hip | 6 monthsb 12 monthsb
% % 21 16 14 8 13 11 11 6 7 4 | Low |
| Smedbraten et al. 1998 | Cross-sectional | Norway School based | 10–15 yrs | Self-reported questionnaire | 569 | 569/661 (86%) | Prevalence Usually pain | Shoulder Elbow Hand Hip Knee Ankle Foot | Boys (n = 282) Girls (n = 287) % % 6 14 4 4 5 7 5 7 32 29 7 12 8 11 | High | |
| Slowinska et al. 2015 | Cross-sectional | Poland School based | 6–7 yrs | Questionnaire filled in by parents | 1509 | 1509/ 2748 (55%) | Prevalence often | Knee Hands | Often 11% 3% | High | |
| Verhagen et al. 2009 | Prospective cohort | Holland school based (iplay study) | 10–12 yrs | Injuries during physical activity monitored by teachers | 996/ (996 + 95) (91%) | Incidence Rate | Shoulder Upper arm/elbow Lower arm/wrist/hand Upper leg/hip Knee Lower leg/ankle Foot | 0.03 × 0.48 = 0.01c
0.03 × 0.48 = 0.01c 0.22 × 0.48 = 0.11c 0.06 × 0.48 = 0.03c 0.11 × 0.48 = 0.05c 0.25 × 0.48 = 0.12c 0.15 × 0.48 = 0.07c | High | ||
| Clinical population studies | |||||||||||
| Bot et al. 2005 | Cross-sectional | Holland Second Dutch National Servey of generel practice | 0–19 yrs | ICPC codes | 375,899(all ages) | Incidence per 1000 person years | L08 Shoulder complaint L09 Arm complaint L10 Elbow complaint L11 wrist complaint L12 Hand/finger complaint L92 Shoulder syndrome | Age group (years) Sex 0–9 (95% CI) 10–19 (95% CI) M: 0.6 (0.3–0.9) M: 4.0 (3.2–4.9) F: 0.7 (0.4–1.1) F: 4.8 (3.9–5.7) M: 2.0 (1.4–2.6) M:2.3 (1.7–3.0) F:2.3 (1.7–2.9) F: 2.8 (2.1–3.5) M: 1.3 (0.9–1.8) M: 2.3 (1.7–3.0) F: 1.7 (1.2–2.3) F: 1.9 (1.3–2.4) M: 1.8 (1.3–2.4) M: 6.3 (5.3–7.4) F: 2.1 (1.5–2.7) F: 7.9 (6.8–9.1) M: 5.0 (4.1–5.9) M: 8.7 (7.5–9.8) F: 3.9 (3.1–4.7) F: 9.1 (7.8–10.3) M: 0.1 (0.0–0.3) M: 1.4 (0.9–1.9) F: 0.0 ((0.0–0.1) F: 1.9 (1.3–2.4) | Low | ||
| Henschke et al. 2014 | Cross-sectional | Australia national study in general practice – Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health | 5–17 yrs | ICPC-2 codes | 65,279 encounters | Management rate per 100 encounters (encs.) | Lower Limb Upper Limb Lower Limb Upper Limb Lower Limb Upper Limb | Age: 5–9 Boys Girls Number 118121 Rate/100 encs. 1.72 1.85 (95% CI) (1.39–2.06) (1.51–2.19) Number 89 90 Rate/100 encs. 1.30 1.38 (95% CI) (1.02–1.58) (1.09–1.66) Age: 10–14 Boys Girls Number 311254 Rate/100 encs 5.33 4.40 (95% CI) (4.72–5.95) (3.85–4.96) Number 257188 Rate/100 encs 4.41 3.26 (95% CI) (3.85–4.97) (2.76–3.76) Age: 15–17 Boys Girls Number 169134 Rate/100 encs 4.55 2.26 (95% CI) (3.84–5.26) (1.87–2.65) Number 169 82 Rate/100 encs. 4.55 1.38 (95% CI) (3.83–5.27) (1.08–1.69) | Low | ||
| van der Waal et al. 2006 | Cross-sectional | Holland Second Dutch National Servey of generel practice | 0–19 yrs | ICPC codes | 375,899(all ages) | Incidence per 1000 person years | L13 Hip complaints L14 Leg/thigh complaints L15 Knee complaints L16 Ankle complaints L17 Foot/toe complaints L77 sprain of ankle/ft L78 sprain/strain of knees Acute meniscus/ligament knee L97 Chronic int knee derangement | Age group (years) 0–9 (95% CI) 10–19 (95% CI) M: 4.0 (3.2–4.8) M: 2.1 (1.5–2.7) F: 4.9 (3.9–5.8) F: 2.2 (1.6–2.8) M: 4.1 (3.3–4.9) M: 5.1 (4.2–6.0) F: 4.2 (3.4–5.1) F: 4.3 (3.4–5.1) M: 3.6 (2.8–4.3) M: 17.0 (15.3–18.6) F: 2.7 (2.1–3-4) F: 16.7 (15.0–18.3) M: 2.4 (1.8–3.0) M: 5.3 (4.4–6.2) F: 1.9 (1.3–2.5) F: 5.0 (4.1–5.9) M: 9.2 (8.0–10.4) M: 16.2 (14.6–17.8) F: 8.5 (7.2–9.7) F: 14.3 (12.7–15.8) M: 3.6 (2.8–4.3) M: 15.4 (13.8–17.0) F: 3.8 (3.0–4.6) F: 16.4 (14.7–18.0) M: 0.9 (0.54–1.33) F: 6.0 (5.0–7.0) F: 0.4 (0.1–0.7) F: 3.7 (2.9–4.5) M: 0.1 (−0.03–0.2) F: 1.2 (0.8–1.7) F: 0 F: 0.8 (0.5–1.2) M: 0.4 (0.1–0.6) F: 4.3 (3.4–5.1) F: 0.6 (0.3–0.9) F: 7.0 (5.9–8.1) | Low | ||
ICPC: International Classification of Primary Care
a Only baseline were reported
b percentages taken from Fig. Fig.11 in the original article
c percentage taken from Fig. Fig.11 in the original article times the total incidence rate per 1000 exposure hours (0.48)