Potential risk factors and triggers for back pain in children and young adults. A scoping review, part II: unclear or mixed types of back pain

Table 3

Summary of Potential Risk factors

Potential risk factor	Likely	Weak/no significance	Mixed results/ inconsistent	Limited research
Female sex	X
Older age/ advanced pubertal status	X
Positive family history of back pain	X
Increased growth spurt	X
History of back pain	X
Smoking	X
Insufficient sleep	X
Increased screen time		X
Work		X
Psychosocial factors			X
Muscle flexibility			X
Socioeconomic status			X
Backpack related factors			X
Height and weight			X
Physical activity			X
Spinal posture				X
Sitting position				X
Systemic/illness factors				X
Muscle endurance				X