PMC full text: | Published online 2020 Oct 20. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037315
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Table 2
Codes | Key quotations | Reference | ICF category |
Body functions | |||
1. Affected sleep | ‘I remember having difficulties falling asleep, as I could not lie down properly. I had to fall asleep as fast as possibly, in order not to feel the pain when I turned, as that woke me up, (I: Have you tried waking up due to pain?) Yes.’ | #19:4 | b134 |
2. Worrying about spinal pain | ‘Well, I’m afraid I can’t do the same things as other children, and then I can’t play with them. It is also really difficult to bicycle home and everything…’ | #1:55 | b152 |
3. Pain intensity | ‘…It just stops like, I almost can’t breathe …’ | #5:55 | b280 |
4. Difficulties to define the pain* | ‘… One night, I was just about to go to bed, my mom asked if I was feeling alright, I told her that my back really hurt. She then said I should see a chiropractor. … It was hard to find out where it hurt so much, which was really annoying as I could not tell my mom, or the chiropractor.’ | #19:7 | b280 b780 pf |
Activities and participation | |||
5. Talking with parents | ‘Yes, I talked with them as I had to, and you should know that you need to be talked with…because it helps. It helped me a lot to talk with my parents about the pain’ | #19:14 | d350 d7601 |
6. Talking with friends | ‘Sometimes, I tell that I have pain in my back, so I can’t play too wildly …’ | #7:23 | d350 d7500 d7504 |
7. Do not want to talk with others about the pain | ‘… I have not talked with them … I just wanted to keep it to myself as I thought it could be really uncomfortable if other people knew that I have back pain. … It is just something one have, and they don’t like to let other people know …’ | #19:15 | d350 d710 |
8. Maintaining static postures | ‘… You sit down for many hours and when standing up or move a bit, it starts hurting really really bad …’ | #10:17 | d4150 d4153 d4154 d4155 |
9. Spinal load | ‘…it also hurts when I carry my bag, and the pain increases… (I: Is there a difference in carrying light and heavy stuff?) Yes, often if I have to carry a heavy bag, which gives me a headache ‘ | #7:2 | d430 |
10. Social limitation | ‘Sometimes when I am asked if I can play, I say no, I just want to go home and rest. I don’t say that I have back pain, I just say I think that I want to go home and rest.’ | #5:66 | d750 |
11. Physical limitation† | ‘… I can’t do the same activities, for example, running, as the boys,…’ | #3:44 | d9200 d9201 d9205 b7 |
12. Reduction in participation | ‘… I have had to stay home because I almost couldn’t stand up …’ | #10:12 | d9200 d9201 d9205 |
Environmental factors | |||
13. Treatment tried/not tried | ‘Yes, a lot. Often I go to my mom’s chiropractor, as he puts anything in place, and stuff like that.’ ‘No, not really. My mom tried to give me massage when I came home from handball as she knows where it hurts, because she is a nurse and have worked at a hospital.’ | #9:8 #10:15 | e580 |
Personal factors | |||
14. Improving factors | ‘We have put less in my bag, so I only have to carry the most necessary stuff, and not even a pencil more (I: Can you feel that it helps?) Yes, it helps me, because the bag is less heavy than before, and I have less pain…’ | #2:107 | pf |
15. Worsening factors | ‘… I will not run as much as I normally do. (I: Why not?) as I can feel that it starts to hurt more.’ | #14:1 | pf |
16. Strategies to avoid pain | ‘When I sit down, then I first have to sit on my hands, as this somehow reduces the pain. I will then let go, which soothes the pain somewhat.’ | #10:20 | pf |
Not classifiable | |||
17. Cause of pain known/unknown | ‘It will hurt in my back, if I jump too much on the trampoline.’ | #7:8 | nc |
‘I actually don’t think I know why I had pain. Maybe it was because I had just made a wrong movement, or something with my neck while sleeping or something. I don’t really know.’ | #17:4 | ||
18. Worst is movement | ‘The very worst, I think the worst, is to jump rope … because I have to jump up and down, up and down.’ | #3:54 | nc |
19. Worst is pain | ‘It just hurts really bad - I can’t even go to the toilet, even though I have to (I: Is that because it hurts to walking to the toilet?) (Participant nodding).’ | #1:17 | nc |
20. Worst is psychological factors | ‘I think it is the feeling you have in the back, as it can make a bad day worse. | #15:21 | nc |
21. Worst is social limitation | ‘It must be that I am unable to do the same as all of my friends – that must be the worst as I feel a bit left out.’ | #10:16 | nc |
†The code ‘Physical limitation’ appears once but has been classified under ‘Activities and participation’ and ‘Body functions’.
ICF, international classification of function, disability and health; nc, not classifiable; pf, personal factor.