Table 1

Examples of rehabilitation interventions

Intervention	Definition	Examples
Acupuncture	Any body-needling, moxibustion, electric acupuncture, laser acupuncture, microsystem acupuncture, and acupressure	• Traditional needling • Dry needling • Burning of specific herbs • Electro-acupuncture • Photo-acupuncture
Assistive devices	Any item, piece of equipment or product system, used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of people with disabilities	• Walking aids • Orthoses • Braces • Wheelchairs
Exercise	A subcategory of physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and purposeful; can be supervised (e.g., by a healthcare professional) or unsupervised	• Stretching • Strengthening • Range of motion exercises • Aerobic (e.g., swimming, cycling, walking, running) • Anaerobic (e.g., jumping, sprinting, weight lifting)
Manual therapies	- Manipulation: Techniques incorporating a high-velocity low-amplitude impulse or thrust applied at or near the end of a joint’s passive range of motion - Mobilization: Techniques incorporating a low-velocity and small or large amplitude oscillatory movement, within a joint’s passive range of motion - Traction: Manual or mechanically assisted application of an intermittent or continuous distractive force - Soft tissue therapy: A mechanical form of therapy where soft-tissue structures are pressed and kneaded, using physical contact with the hand or mechanical device	• Lumbar manipulation, mobilization, or traction • Massage • Muscle energy technique • Strain-counterstrain
Modifications to environment		• Ergonomic interventions at school or work
Passive physical modalities	A form of cold, heat, or light application affecting the body at the skin level or ultrasonic or electromagnetic radiation affecting structures beneath the skin surface: - Passive assistive devices: Device to encourage immobilization in anatomic positions or actively inhibit or prevent movement	• Heat application: heat pack, hydrotherapy • Cryotherapy: cold pack, vapocoolant spray • Low-level laser • Electrical muscle stimulation • Pulsed electromagnetic therapy
Patient or caregiver education and self-management strategies (structured or unstructured)	Teaching patients skills that they can use to manage their health condition	• Learning disease-specific information • Learning general managing skills (e.g., problem-solving, finding and using community resources, working with healthcare team) • Learning strategies to increase confidence (i.e., self-efficacy) in ability to engage in behaviours that are needed to manage their condition on a daily basis • Adequate peer role models and support networks that facilitate the initiation and maintenance of desired behavioural changes
Pharmacological interventions	A substance used in treating disease or relieving pain	• Acetaminophen • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs • Muscle relaxants • Antidepressants
Psychological interventions	Activities used to modify behaviour, emotional state, or feelings	• Cognitive behavioural therapy • Counselling • Social network and environment-based therapies • Psychoeducational interventions • Mindfulness meditation