Neurobiology of placebo effects: expectations or learning?

doi:10.1093/scan/nst079

PMC full text:

Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2014 Jul; 9(7): 1013–1021.

Published online 2013 Jul 25. doi: 10.1093/scan/nst079

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Table 2

Expectation − Effectiveness comparison group effect on regional opioid system activation during placebo administration

	Whole brain			Extracted regional peaks
				High Expect/ Low Effect (1)	Low Expect/ Low Effect(2)	High Expect/ High Effect (3)	Low Expect/ High Effect (4)
Regional Δ µ-opioid BP_ND after placebo	H	Coordinates	Z	Mean (S.E.M.)	Mean (S.E.M.)	Mean (S.E.M.)	Mean (S.E.M.)	F	Sig.	Post hoc^a	Sig.
sgACC	L	−9 12 −18	4.43	−0.18 ± 0.05	−0.01 ± 0.03	0.15 ± 0.05	0.13 ± 0.08	6.6	0.001	4 > 1	0.006
sgACC	L	−9 12 −18	4.43	−0.18 ± 0.05	−0.01 ± 0.03	0.15 ± 0.05	0.13 ± 0.08	6.6	0.001	3 > 1	0.002
rACC	L	− 15 39 −2	4.38	−0.08 ± 0.05	−0.07 ± 0.03	0.10 ± 0.04	0.12 ± 0.05	8.14	<0.001	4 > 1	0.025
										4 > 2	0.003
										3 > 1	0.031
										3 > 2	0.003
dACC	L	− 15 33 31	3.56	−.0.06 ± 0.09	−0.01 ± 0.04	0 ± 0.04	0.21 ± 0.03	5	0.005	4 > 1	0.012
										4 > 2	0.008
										4 > 3	0.032
OFC	L	− 20 49 3	4.1	0.005 ± 0.06	−0.08 ± 0.03	0.07 ± 0.03	0.09 ± 0.04	5	0.003	4 > 2	0.009
OFC	L	− 20 49 3	4.1	0.005 ± 0.06	−0.08 ± 0.03	0.07 ± 0.03	0.09 ± 0.04	5	0.003	3 > 2	0.015
ANT HIPP./AMY	R	30 −5 −17	3.34	−0.32 ± 0.13	−0.01 ± 0.04	0.15 ± 0.05	0.13 ± 0.08	6.4	0.001	4 > 1	0.003
										3 > 1	0.001
										2 > 1	0.023
	L	−28 −8 −27	3.79	−.22 ± .04	−.07 ± .03	.06 ± .03	.01 ± .04	8.6	<.001	4 > 1	0.004
										3 > 1	<0.001
										3 > 2	0.031
										2 > 1	0.05
POST HIPP.	R	27 −27 −15	3.71	−0.18 ± 0.03	−0.05 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.04	−0.01 ± 0.02	9.1	<0.001	4 > 1	0.006
										3 > 1	<0.001
										3 > 2	0.035
										2 > 1	0.02
	L	−28 −26 −3	4.32	−0.03 ± 0.05	−0.06 ± 0.02	0.13 ± 0.04	0.04 ± 0.07	4.5	0.007	3 > 2	0.005
THA	L	−12 −21 19	3.46	−0.27 ± 0.1	−0.14 ± 0.04	0.08 ± 0.04	0.10 ± 0.07	8.9	<0.001	4 > 1	0.002
										4 > 2	0.014
										3 > 1	0.001
										3 > 2	0.01
INS	R	53 −2 11	3.81	−0.14 ± 0.08	−0.06 ± 0.02	0.08 ± 0.02	−0.01 ± 0.03	5.7	0.002	3 > 1	0.003
	R	53 −2 11	3.81	−0.14 ± 0.08	−0.06 ± 0.02	0.08 ± 0.02	−0.01 ± 0.03	5.7	0.002	3 > 2	0.014
	L	−33 12 −3	3.97	−0.05 ± 0.06	−0.06 ± 0.04	−0.01 ± 0.02	0.18 + 0.04	6	0.002	4 > 1	0.018
										4 > 2	0.001
										4 > 3	0.027

^aBonferroni correction.

DMPFC and sgACC, rACC and dACC: subgenual, rostral and dorsal anterior cingulate; OFC: orbitofrontal cortex; Hipp.: hippocampus; AMY: amygdala; INS: insula; THA: thalamus; H: Hemisphere; L: left; R: right; (S.E.M): standard error of the mean.