Feeling stiffness in the back: a protective perceptual inference in chronic back pain

doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09429-1

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Sci Rep. 2017; 7: 9681.

Published online 2017 Aug 29. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09429-1

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Table 2

Univariate results for objective spinal stiffness - Study 1a.

Factor	Test statistic	p-value	Effect size
AvgStiff at 60 N - Univariate results of repeated measures MANOVA
Group	F_1,28 = 0.60	0.44	partial η² = 0.021
Time	F_1,28 = 0.34	0.56	partial η² = 0.012
Group x Time	F_1,28 = 0.019	0.89	partial η² = 0.001
TermStiff at 60 N - Univariate results of repeated measures MANOVA
Group	F_1,28 = 0.53	0.47	partial η² = 0.019
Time	F_1,28 = 1.86	0.18	partial η² = 0.062
Group x Time	F_1,28 = 1.16	0.21	partial η² = 0.055
Stiffness at 55 N - Univariate results of MANOVA
AvgStiff: Group	t_2,28 = −0.082	0.94	d = 0.029
TermStiff: Group	t_2,28 = 1.67	0.11	d = 0.61
Stiffness at 70 N – Univariate results of MANOVA
AvgStiff: Group	t_2,28 = 0.18	0.86	d = 0.062
TermStiff: Group	t_2,28 = 1.03	0.31	d = 0.38

AvgStiff = average stiffness (objective measure); TermStiff = terminal stiffness (objective measure). Group = chronic low back pain and stiffness versus healthy controls; Time: first and last indentation at 60 N (unable to assess the effect of ‘time’ for 55 N and 70 N because very few participants received these force values twice).