Brief screening questions for depression in chiropractic patients with low back pain: identification of potentially useful questions and test of their predictive capacity

doi:10.1186/2045-709X-22-4

PMC full text:

Chiropr Man Therap. 2014; 22: 4.

Published online 2014 Jan 17. doi: 10.1186/2045-709X-22-4

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Table 2

Associations between the total MDI scale and outcomes and between five candidate items and outcomes

	β coefficients (95% CI)
	LBP 3-months	LBP 12-months	RMDQ 3-months	RMDQ 12-months
Total MDI scale
MDI categorised	Adj. R² = 0.03	Adj. R² = 0.01	Adj. R² = 0.03	Adj. R² = 0.02
No depression (reference)
Mild depression	1.59 (.91; 2.27)	.96 (.17; 1.74)	13.14 (5.59;20.68)	6.94 (-.36;14.24)
Moderate depression	.89 (.01; 1.78)	1.08 (.08; 2.08)	18.19 (8.64;27.74)	13.26 (4.13;22–38)
Severe depression	.78 (-.45; 2.02)	1.24 (-.21; 2.69)	18.45 (4.67; 32.23)	15.11 (1.90;28.32)
Single candidate items
Item 1: Low in spirits or sad	Adj. R² = 0.03	Adj. R² = 0.04	Adj. R² = 0.06	Adj. R² = 0.03
At no time (reference)
Some of the time	0.53 (0.24; 0.82)	0.52 (0.19; 0.84)	7.15 (3.99; 10.31)	4.88 (1.89; 7.86)
Slightly less than half the time	0.26 (-0.55; 1.08)	0.44 (-0.44; 1.33)	7.41 (-1.48; 16.31)	5.42 (-2.86; 13.71)
Slightly more than half the time	0.80 (0.08; 1.51)	0.32 (-0.52; 1.15)	16.05 (8.35; 23.75)	6.45 (-1.19; 14.09)
Most or all of the time	1.61 (0.71; 2.41)	2.32 (1.39; 3.24)	25.13 (15.81; 34.45)	19.45 (10.98; 27.93)
Item 2: Lost interest	Adj. R² = 0.02	Adj. R² = 0.03	Adj. R² = 0.05	Adj. R² = 0.02
At no time (reference)
Some of the time	0.16 (-0.14; 0.47)	0.55 (0.21; 0.90)	5.25 (1.90; 8.60)	4.76 (1.63; 7.89)
Slightly less than half the time	0.98 (0.40; 1.56)	1.00 (0.36; 1.65)	16.58 (10.23; 22.93)	6.15 (0.25; 12.06)
Slightly more than half the time	0.34 (-0.23; 0.91)	0.67 (0.01; 1.33)	9.18 (3.00; 15.36)	8.81 (2.79; 14.84)
Most or all of the time	0.86 (0.17; 1.55)	0.76 (-0.01; 1.54)	13.85 (6.30; 21.40)	7.60 (0.51; 14.70)
Item 3: Lacking energy	Adj. R² = 0.04	Adj. R² = 0.05	Adj. R² = 0.09	Adj. R² = 0.05
At no time (reference)
Some of the time	0.15 (-0.20; 0.49)	0.46 (0.07; 0.84)	3.92 (0.18; 7.65)	1.72 (-1.80; 5.23
Slightly less than half the time	0.67 (0.15; 1.19)	1.07 (0.49; 1.65)	12.26 (6.65; 17.88)	7.73 (2.46; 13.00)
Slightly more than half the time	0.76 (0.24; 1.28)	0.78 (0.17; 1.38)	14.34 (8.75; 19.93)	10.91 (5.37; 16.46)
Most or all of the time	1.33 (0.83; 1.82)	1.50 (0.93; 2.06)	20.71 (15.37; 26.05)	13.79 (8.64; 18.93)
Item 4: Felt less self-confident	Adj. R² = 0.01	Adj. R² = 0.02	Adj. R² = 0.04	Adj. R² = 0.02
At no time (reference)
Some of the time	0.41 (0.07; 0.75)	0.38 (0.00; 0.76)	4.64 (0.92; 8.36)	4.02 (0.54; 7.50)
Slightly less than half the time	0.54 (-0.21; 1.29)	0.85 (-0.10; 1.79)	9.99 (1.88; 18.11)	9.10 (0.66; 17.54)
Slightly more than half the time	0.70 (-0.06; 1.47)	0.54 (-0.35; 1.42)	15.67 (7.41; 23.93)	7.72 (-0.35; 15.78)
Most or all of the time	1.12 (0.23; 2.02)	1.88 (0.88; 2.88)	16.83 (6.98; 26.69)	16.05 (6.91; 25.18)
Item 8: Restless or slowed down	Adj. R² = 0.02	Adj. R² = 0.005	Adj. R² = 0.04	Adj. R² = 0.01
At no time (reference)		*
Some of the time	-0.03 (-0.35; 0.29)	0.27 (-0.10; 0.63)	3.76 (0.23; 7.28)	3.26 (-0.07; 6.60)
Slightly less than half the time	0.13 (-0.42; 0.69)	0.35 (-0.26; 0.95)	6.41 (0.29; 12.53)	5.42 (-0.09; 10.94)
Slightly more than half the time	0.09 (-0.45; 0.62)	0.40 (-0.21; 1.02)	5.98 (0.10; 11.86)	4.94 (-0.73; 10.60)
Most or all of the time	1.25 (0.66; 1.84)	0.86 (0.18; 1.54)	19.13 (12.67; 25.60)	8.27 (2.02; 14.53)

*All associations between items and outcomes and total MDI and outcomes were statistically significant (p < .05) except for the association between item 8 and LBP at 12-months. Confidence intervals that span across zero indicate that this particular category was not significantly different from the reference.