Table 1
Classification of outcome measures and Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group (CCBRG) levels of evidence for evaluating interventions
[46, 47]
| Outcome measures | Validated assessment tools |
| Pain | Visual Analogue Scale or Numerical Pain Rating Scale |
|
| Functional disabilities | Oswestry Disability Index, Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire, Fear Avoidance Belief Questionnaire, Disability Rating Index, or Patient Specific Function Scale |
|
| Overall-health improvement | Short form health survey |
|
| Quality of life | Patient Satisfaction with Care, Modified Zung Self-Rated Depression Score and State Trait Anxiety Inventory, return to work, sick leave, and medication use, adverse effects |
|
| Strength of evidence | Conditions description |
|
| Strong | Consistent findings from multiple ‘high quality trials’ = level A |
|
| Moderate | Consistent findings among multiple ‘low quality trials’ corresponding to moderate quality in this systematic review = Level B, and/or one level A |
|
| Limited | One level B |
|
| Conflicting | Inconsistent findings among multiple trials |
|
| No evidence | No trials |
