ࡱ > } z { | _ bjbj 4 b b > > > > > R R R R d L R G$ d J L L L L ' ' ' # # # # # # # $ % ]( V # 9 > ' ' # > > L L $ ^# ^# ^# V > L > L # ^# # ^# ^# ^# L n;̘ 4" ^# # $ 0 G$ ^# ( 4" * ( ^# ( > ^# 0 ' ^ ^# L U ' ' ' # # ^# ' ' ' G$ ( ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' : Table 3. Findings from studies related to question 2.
TestStudyReliabilityValidityCentralization Signs Cervical (Reliability) McKenzieClare ADDIN EN.CITE Clare200596449644964417Clare, H.A., Adams R, Maher CGReliability of McKenzie classification of patients with cervical or lumbar painJ Manipulative Physiol Ther122-127282McKenzie2005[10]k=0.63 Cervical (Validity)None Lumbar (Reliability) Riddle ADDIN EN.CITE Riddle199392692692617Riddle, .DL.,Rothstein, J.M. Intertester reliability of McKenzies classifications of the syndromes types present in patients with low back pain Spine1333-1344 18101993[68]k=0.26Werneke ADDIN EN.CITE Werneke199947954795479517Werneke, M.,Hart, D.L.,Cook, D.A descriptive study of the centralization phenomenon a prospective analysisSpineSpineSpine676-683247"McKenzie, disc"1999[70]k=0.917 1.0 Fritz ADDIN EN.CITE Fritz200010317103171031717Fritz, J.M., Delitto A, Vignovic M, Busse RGInterrater reliability of judgments of the centralization phenomenon and status change during movement testing in patients with low back painArch Phys Med RehabilArch Phys Med RehabilArchives of physical medicine and rehabilitation57-61811McKenzie2000[71]k=0.763 0.823Razmjou ADDIN EN.CITE Razmjou200061586158615817Razmjou, H.,Kramer, J.,Yamada, R.Intertester reliability of the McKenzie evaluation in assessing patients with mechanical low-back painJ Orthop Sports Phys TherJ Orthop Sports Phys TherThe Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy368-389307mckenzie2000[72]k=0.70Kilpikoski ADDIN EN.CITE Kilpikoski200274607460746017Kilpikoski, S.,Airaksinen, O.,Kankaanpaa, M.,Leminen, P.,Videman, T.,Alen, M. Interexaminer reliability of low back pain assessment using the McKenzie MethodSpineSpineSpineE207-E214278McKenzie2002[73]k=0.70
(centralization)
k=0.90
(directional preference)Claire ADDIN EN.CITE Clare200596449644964417Clare, H.A., Adams R, Maher CGReliability of McKenzie classification of patients with cervical or lumbar painJ Manipulative Physiol Ther122-127282McKenzie2005[10](k=1.0) Lumbar (Validity)Donelson ADDIN EN.CITE Donelson199732393239323917Donelson, R.,Aprill, C.,Medcalf, R.,Grant, W.A prospective study of centralization of lumbar and referred pain a predictor of symptomatic discs and anular competenceSpineSpineSpine1115-11222210McKenzie1997[74]Significant (p<0.001) correlation with discogramYoung ADDIN EN.CITE Young200385698569856917Young, S.,Aprill, C.,Laslett, M.Correlation of clinical examination characteristics with three sources of chronic low back painSpine JSpine J460-46536"Diagnosis, McKenzie, SI joint, Facet syndrome, Dx tests"2003[75]SE = 0.47
SP = 1.00Laslett ADDIN EN.CITE Laslett200598619861986117Laslett, M., Birgitta O, Aprill CN, McDonald BCentralization as a predictor of provocation discography results in chronic low back pain, and the influence of disability and distress on diagnostic power.Spine JSpine J370-38054McKenzie, disc2005[76]SE = 40%
SP = 94%
PLR = 6.9
NLR = 0.63Long ADDIN EN.CITE Long200494849484948417Long, A., Donelson R, Fung TDoes it matter which exercise? A randomized control trial of exercise for low back pain.SpineSpineSpine2593-26022923McKenzie2004[77]Improved outcomes using direction of centralization to direct treatment
(p<.001)Werneke ADDIN EN.CITE Werneke200166476647664717Werneke, M.,Hart, D.L.Centralization phenomenon as a prognostic factor for chronic low back pain and disabilitySpineSpineSpine758-764267McKenzie2001[78]Improved prediction of pain (p<.002), disability (p<.001), return to work (p<.001)Werneke ADDIN EN.CITE Werneke200488988898889817Werneke, M.W.,Hart, D.L.Categorizing patients with occupational low back pain by use of the Quebec Task Force classification system versus pain pattern classification procedures discriminant and predictive validityPhys TherPhys TherPhysical therapy243-254843McKenzie, low back pain2004[79]Improved prediction of pain at discharge (p<0.001) and disability at discharge (p<0.001) and at one year (SE=0.68, SP=0.82, PPV=0.41, NPV=0.94)Segmental Pain Provocation Signs
Cervical (reliability)Hubka ADDIN EN.CITE Hubka199410131101311013117Hubka, M.J., Phelan SPInterexaminer reliability of palpation for cervical spine tendernessJ Manipulative Physiol TherJ Manipulative Physiol Ther591-595179motion palpatation1994[18]k=0.68Jull ADDIN EN.CITE Jull199732953295329517Jull, G.,Zito, G.,Trott P,Potter, H., Shirley, D.Inter-examiner reliability to detect painful upper cervical joint dysfunctionAust Physiother125-12943"reliability & validity, motion palpation"1997[19](k = 0.78-1.00) in 6 instances
(k = 0.45-0.65) in14 instances
(k = 0.25-0.34) in 5 instancesMarcus ADDIN EN.CITE Marcus199951775177517717Marcus, D.A.,Scharff, L.,Mercer, S.,Turk, D.C.Musculoskeletal abnormalities in chronic headache a controlled comparison of headache diagnostic groupsHeadacheHeadache21-2739headache pathophysiology1999[20]k=0.63 McPartland ADDIN EN.CITE McPartland199710829108291082917McPartland, J.M., Goodridge JPCounterstrain and traditional osteopathic examination of the cervical spine comparedJ Bodywork Movement Ther173-17813motion palpation1997[21]Asymptomatic subjects
(k=0.35)
Symptomatic subjects
(k=0.34)
Tenderness
(k=0.53)Van Suijlekom ADDIN EN.CITE van Suijlekom200010197101971019717van Suijlekom, H.A., de Vet HCW, van den Berg SGM, Weber WEJInterobserver reliability on physical examination of the cervical spine in patients with headacheHeadacheHeadache581-58640motion palpatation2000[22](k=0.14-0.37)Cleland ADDIN EN.CITE Cleland200610748107481074817Cleland, J. A.Childs, J. D.Fritz, J. M.Whitman, J. M.Department of Physical Therapy, Franklin Pierce College, Concord, NH, USA. clelandj@fpc.eduInterrater reliability of the history and physical examination in patients with mechanical neck painArch Phys Med RehabilArch Phys Med RehabilArchives of physical medicine and rehabilitation1388-958710diagnosis2006Oct17023251http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17023251[23](k=-0.52-.90) Lumbar (Reliability)Keating ADDIN EN.CITE Keating199010196101961019617Keating, J.C., Bergmann TF, Jacobs GE, Finer BA, Larson KInter-examiner reliability of eight evaluative dimensions of lumbar segmental abnormalityJ Manipulative Physiol TherJ Manipulative Physiol Ther463-470131990[82]Bony structures
(k=0.19-0.48)
Soft tissues
(k=0.10-0.59)Maher ADDIN EN.CITE Maher199415801580158017Maher, C.,Adams, R. Reliability of pain and stiffness assessments in clinical manual lumbar spine examination Phys Ther801-809 7491994[83]Stiffness
(ICC=0.03-0.37)
Pain
(ICC=0.67-0.72)Strender ADDIN EN.CITE Strender199733263326332617Strender, L.E.,Sjoblom, A.,Sundell, K.,Ludwig, R., Taube, A.Interexaminer reliability in physical examination of patients with low back painSpineSpineSpine814-820227Reliability/Validity1997[84]Tenderness
(k=0.40)Lundberg ADDIN EN.CITE Lundberg199991049104910417Lundberg,G, Gerdle,BThe relationships between spinal sagittal configuration, joint mobility, general low back mobility and segmental mobility in female homecare personnelScand J Rehab Med197-20631Low back pain, motion palpation1999[85]Pain
(k=0.67=0.71)Seffinger ADDIN EN.CITE Seffinger200492819281928117Seffinger, M.A., Najm WI, Mishra SI, Adams A, Dickerson VM, Murphy LS, Reinsch SReliability of spinal palpation for diagnosis of back and neck painSpineSpineSpineE413-E4242919Motion Palpation2004[86](k=0.40) SI (Reliability)Potter and Rothstein ADDIN EN.CITE Potter198511263112631126317Potter, N. A.Rothstein, J. M.Intertester reliability for selected clinical tests of the sacroiliac jointPhys TherPhys TherPhysical therapy1671-56511SI Joint1985Nov2932746http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2932746 [87]Mobility
(<70% agreement)
Patient response
(70-90% agreement)Carmichael ADDIN EN.CITE Carmichael198711264112641126417Carmichael, J. P.Montgomery Outpatient Health Center, Logan College of Chiropractic, Colorado Springs, CO.Inter- and intra-examiner reliability of palpation for sacroiliac joint dysfunctionJ Manipulative Physiol TherJ Manipulative Physiol Ther164-71104SI joint1987Aug3655566http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3655566 [88]Mobility
(k=0.314)Freburger and Riddle ADDIN EN.CITE Freburger199911267112671126717Freburger, J. K.Riddle, D. L.Division of Physical Therapy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7135, USA. jfreburger@css.unc.eduMeasurement of sacroiliac joint dysfunction: a multicenter intertester reliability studyPhys TherPhys TherPhysical therapy1134-417912SI joint1999Dec10630282http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10630282 [89]Position
(k=0.18)Laslett ADDIN EN.CITE Laslett199411141114111417Laslett, M.,Williams, M.The reliability of selected pain provocation tests for sacroiliac joint pathologySpineSpineSpine1243-12491911"backache, evaluaion studies, reproducibility of results, sacroiliac joint"1994[93](k=0.69-0.82)Dreyfuss ADDIN EN.CITE Dreyfuss199636893689368917Dreyfuss, P.,Michaelsen, M.,Pauza, K., McLarty J, Bogduk N.The value of medical history and physical examination in diagnosing sacroiliac joint painSpineSpineSpine2594-26022122SI joint1996[94](k=0.150.64)Vander Wurff ADDIN EN.CITE van der Wurff200061556155615517van der Wurff, P., Hagmeijer, RHMMeyne, W.Clinical tests of the sacroiliac joint. A systematic methodological review. Part 1: ReliabilityMan TherMan TherManual therapy30-3651SI joint2000[96]Systematic ReviewKokmeyer ADDIN EN.CITE Kokmeyer200273787378737817Kokmeyer, D.J.,van der Wurff, P.,Aufdemkampe, G.,Fikenscher, T.C.M.The reliability of multitest regimens with sacroiliac pain provocation testsJ Manipulative Physiol TherJ Manipulative Physiol Ther42 48251SI joint2002[95](k=0.70)Robinson ADDIN EN.CITE Robinson200711271112711127117Robinson, H. S.Brox, J. I.Robinson, R.Bjelland, E.Solem, S.Telje, T.Section for Health Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1153, Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway. h.s.robinson@medisin.uio.no <h.s.robinson@medisin.uio.no>The reliability of selected motion- and pain provocation tests for the sacroiliac jointMan TherMan TherManual therapy72-9121SI joint2007Feb16843031http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16843031 [90]Palpation
(k=-0.06)
Provocation
(k=0.43-0.84)
Cluster
(k=0.6-0.75)Tong ADDIN EN.CITE Tong200611272112721127217Tong, H.C., Heyman OG, Lado DA, Isser MMInterexaminer reliability of three methods of combining test results to determine side of sacral restriction, sacral base position, and innominate bone positionJ Am Osteopath AssocJ Am Osteopath AssocThe Journal of the American Osteopathic Association464-46810682006[92]Method I
(k=0.08-0.47)
Method II
(k=0.09-0.4)
Method III
(k=-0.33-0.16)Vincent-Smith ADDIN EN.CITE Vincent-Smith199955645564556417Vincent-Smith, B.,Gibbons, P.Inter-examiner and intra-examiner reliability of the standing flexion testMan TherMan TherManual therapy87-9342"SI joint, reliability/ validity"1999[91]Interexaminer
(k=0.52)
Intraexaminer
(k=0.46) Cervical (Validity) Jull ADDIN EN.CITE Jull198811501150115017Jull, G.,Bogduk, N.,Marsland, A.The accuracy of manual diagnosis for cervical zygapophysial joint pain syndromesMed J of Australia233-236148"manual diagnosis, cervical zygapophysial joint pain syndromes"1988[24]Diagnostic blocks
SE = 1.00
SP = 1.00Treleaven ADDIN EN.CITE Treleaven199474274274217Treleaven, J.,Jull, G.,Atkinson, L. Cervical musculoskeletal dysfunction in post-concussional headache Cephalalgia273-27914motion palpatation1994[26]Complete agreement examiner and independent reportSandmark ADDIN EN.CITE Sandmark199593959395939517Sandmark, H., Nisell RValidity of five manual neck pain provokation testsScand J Rehab Med131-13627cervical, motion palpation1995[27]Segmental Palpation
SE = 0.82
SP = 0.79
PPV = 0.62
NPV = 0.91Lord ADDIN EN.CITE Lord199415791579157917Lord, S.M., Barnsley, L.,Wallis, B.J.,Bogduk, N. Third occipital nerve headache: a prevalence study J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr1187-119057headache, whiplash1994[28]SE = 0.85
PLR = 1.7
NLR = 0.3Zito ADDIN EN.CITE Zito200610492104921049217Zito, G., Jull G, Story IClinical tests of musculoskeletal dysfunction in the diagnosis of cervicogenic headacheMan TherMan TherManual therapy118-12911headache, diagnosis2006[29]Significant (p<0.05) correlation between segmental palpation findings and presence of cervicogenic headache patients King ADDIN EN.CITE King200710912109121091217King, W.Lau, P.Lees, R.Bogduk, N.Department of Clinical Research, Royal Newcastle Hospital, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle NSW 2300, Australia.The validity of manual examination in assessing patients with neck painSpine JSpine J22-671motion palpation2007Jan-Feb1529-9430 (Print)17197328http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17197328 eng[30]SE = 0.88
SP = 0.39
PLF = 1.3 Lumbar (Validity)Absence of pain on sit-to-standYoung ADDIN EN.CITE Young200385698569856917Young, S.,Aprill, C.,Laslett, M.Correlation of clinical examination characteristics with three sources of chronic low back painSpine JSpine J460-46536"Diagnosis, McKenzie, SI joint, Facet syndrome, Dx tests"2003[75]Significant (p=0.008) correlation with facet blockRevel criteria: Age 65; pain not exacerbated by coughing; pain not worsened by hyperextension; pain not worsened by forward flexion; pain not worsened by rising from forward flexion; pain not worsened by extension/rotation; pain relieved by recumbencyRevel ADDIN EN.CITE Revel199841334133413317Revel, M.,Poiraudeau, S.Auleley, G.R.,Payan C, Denke A, Nguyen M, Chevrot A, Fermanian J.Capacity of the clinical picture to characterize low back pain relieved by facet joint anesthesia: Proposed criteria to identify patients with painful facet jointsSpineSpineSpine1972-19762318lbp, facet syndrome1998[97]Significant (P < 0.0001) correlation with facet block Pain arising from sitting positionYoung ADDIN EN.CITE Young200385698569856917Young, S.,Aprill, C.,Laslett, M.Correlation of clinical examination characteristics with three sources of chronic low back painSpine JSpine J460-46536"Diagnosis, McKenzie, SI joint, Facet syndrome, Dx tests"2003[75]Significant (p=.02) correlation with facet block
Unilateral painYoung ADDIN EN.CITE Young200385698569856917Young, S.,Aprill, C.,Laslett, M.Correlation of clinical examination characteristics with three sources of chronic low back painSpine JSpine J460-46536"Diagnosis, McKenzie, SI joint, Facet syndrome, Dx tests"2003[75]Significant (p=.05) correlation with facet block Absence of midline painYoung ADDIN EN.CITE Young200385698569856917Young, S.,Aprill, C.,Laslett, M.Correlation of clinical examination characteristics with three sources of chronic low back painSpine JSpine J460-46536"Diagnosis, McKenzie, SI joint, Facet syndrome, Dx tests"2003[75]Significant (p=.05) correlation with facet block Revel criteriaLaslett ADDIN EN.CITE Laslett200496069606960617Laslett, M., Oberg B, April CN, McDonald BZygapophysial joint blocks in chronic low back pain: a test of Revel's model as a screening testBMC Musculoskel Disord435facet syndrome2004