| PMC full text: |
|
Table 3
Cox regression model for time to complete recovery from acute low back pain (LBP) with hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals
| Variable | Crude (unadjusted) | Adjusted | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Age (years) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.090 | 0.99 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.004 | |
| Male | 1.05 (0.91 to 1.23) | 0.500 | 1.01 (0.86 to 1.18) | 0.900 | |
| Pain/disability (χ2=31.32, P<0.001) | |||||
| Pain intensity* | 0.79 (0.73 to 0.86) | <0.001 | 0.86 (0.77 to 0.96) | 0.009 | |
| Interference with function† | 0.85 (0.90 to 0.91) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.88 to 1.05) | 0.339 | |
| Psychological (χ2=81.51, P<0.001) | |||||
| Pain control§ | 1.04 (1.01 to 1.07) | 0.010 | 1.02 (0.99 to 1.05) | 0.267 | |
| Tension/anxiety¶ | 0.94 (0.91 to 0.96) | <0.001 | 1.02 (0.99 to 1.06) | 0.208 | |
| Feelings of depression¶ | 0.91 (0.89 to 0.93) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.91 to 0.97) | <0.001 | |
| Risk of persistence¶ | 0.89 (0.87 to 0.92) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.89 to 0.95) | <0.001 | |
| Current history (χ2=36.72, P<0.001) | |||||
| Compensable LBP¶ | 0.56 (0.45 to 0.69) | <0.001 | 0.59 (0.47 to 0.74) | <0.001 | |
| Currently taking medication for LBP | 0.75 (0.65 to 0.88) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.81 to 1.14) | 0.657 | |
| Days of reduced activity due to LBP¶ | 0.96 (0.93 to 0.99) | 0.005 | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.08) | 0.033 | |
| Leg pain¶ | 0.71 (0.59 to 0.86) | 0.001 | 0.90 (0.70 to 1.16) | 0.408 | |
| No of pain sites‡ | 0.83 (0.75 to 0.91) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.81 to 1.03) | 0.147 | |
| Duration of episode | 0.97 (0.95 to 0.99) | 0.030 | 0.97 (0.94 to 1.0) | 0.033 | |
| Clinical red flags (not included in model) | |||||
| No of positive red flags | 0.95 (0.91 to 1.00) | 0.048 | — | ||
†Disability scale: 1=not at all, 2=little bit, 3=moderate, 4=quite a bit, 5=extreme.
§Rated on scale from 0-10, with higher score indicating better ability to control pain.
¶Rated on scales from 0-10, with higher scores indicating more tension and anxiety, more feelings of depression, or higher risk of persistent pain.
‡One point for each pain site: neck, shoulder, upper back, lower back, and leg.