Table 4
Description of the studies measuring quality of neck motion
| First author, year, design | Study population | Testing circumstances | Device | Comparison of motion quality | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of neck pain, pain duration, pain intensity, sex (♂,♀), mean age (SD), mean BMI (SD), recruitment, occupation | Controls’ sex (♂,♀), mean age (SD), mean BMI (SD), recruitment, occupation | Examiners professional background, training, blinding | Instructions standardised, type of test, training, repeated, restrictions applied* | Type, sample rate (Hz), measurement error, LOA, ICC, SEM | Neck pain group I, type of measurement, degree (SD) | Neck pain group II, type of measurement, degree (SD) | Healthy controls, type of measurement, degree (SD) | |
| Alsultan 20.19, cross sectional | CNP and WAD, > 3 month, NPRS 4.08 (1.89), 8♂10♀, 32.22 (13.41), NR, NR, NR | 8♂ 10♀, 25.89 (7.34), NR, NR, NR | NR, NR, NR | Yes, repeated movement within mid-range and three speeds, yes, yes, sitting with back support, no, within mid-range, slow, natural and fast, no | Optoelectronic system (BTS Bioengineering, Milan, Italy), 250, NR, NR, NR, NR | CNP. Helical axis (mean distance): F/E slow: 1.39 cm (0.25 cm), F/E natural: 1.46 cm (0.33 cm), F//E fast: 1.65 cm (0.39 cm), LF slow: 0.90 cm (0.23 cm), LF natural: 0.91 cm (0.23 cm), LF fast: 0.91 cm (0.25 cm), R slow: 0.90 cm (0.29 cm), R natural: 0.83 cm (0.15 cm), R fast: 0.84 cm (0.15 cm). Helical axis (mean angle): F/E slow: 4.22° (0.57°), F/E natural: 4.51° (0.73°), F//E fast: 3.88° (0.75°), LF slow: 8.61° (1.92°), LF natural: 8.96° (1.62°), LF fast: 9.04° (2.07°), R slow: 4.89° (0.71°), R natural: 4.98° (0.85°), R fast: 3.98° (0.42°). | HC. Helical axis (mean distance): F/E slow: 1.63 cm (0.31 cm)a, F/E natural: 1.61 cm (0.28 cm)a, F//E fast: 1.71 cm (0.31 cm)a, LF slow: 0.93 cm (0.34 cm), LF natural: 1.02 cm (0.44 cm), LF fast: 0.97 cm (0.31 cm), R slow: 0.93 cm (0.22 cm)a, R natural: 1.07 cm (0.33 cm)a, R fast: 0.99 cm (0.35 cm)a. Helical axis (mean angle): F/E slow: 4.39° (0.99°), F/E natural: 4.29° (0.91°), F//E fast: 3.89° (0.92°), LF slow: 9.21° (2.42°), LF natural: 9.70° (2.16°), LF fast: 9.20° (2.11°), R slow: 5.44° (1.64°)a, R natural: 5.21° (1.04°)a, R fast: 4.99° (1.02°)a | |
| Bahat 2010, case control | CNP, 43.4 (5.3) months, VAS 3.3 (2.05), 9♂16♀, 39.0 (12.7), NR, local physiotherapy clinic, NR | 11♂, 31♀, 35.3 (12.4), NR (NR), University of Haifa, NR | physiotherapist, experienced, NA | Yes, fast movement test, yes, yes, sitting, yes, to a target, fast as possible, no | Fastrak: Polhemus, 40 Hercules, 60 Hz, NR, NR, NR, NR | CNP. Mean velocity (°/sec). F: 24.4 (9.1). E: 29.1 (12.4). LR: 36.9 (15.2). RR: 39.8 (16.2). Peak velocity (°/sec2). F: 69.8 (34.7). E: 81.4 (39.7). LR: 108.5 (48.3). RR: 100.2 (43.6). Number of velocity peaks: F: 6.1 (2.6). E: 5.9 (2.1). LR: 6.1 (3.3). RR: 4.9 (2.8) | HC. Mean velocity (°/sec) F: 33.3 (12.6). E: 46.5 (16.3). LR: 56.4 (13.6). RR: 55.0 (15.9). Peak velocity (°/sec2) F: 105.0 (43.0). E: 138.6 (52.7). LR: 165.9 (51.9). RR: 162.2 (56.6). Number of velocity peaks: F: 5.0 (1.7). E: 4.8 (1.8). LR: 4.2 (1.8). RR: 3.6 (1.4) | |
| Bahat 2015, case control | CNP, 93.03(104.46) months, VAS 36.42 (17.24) mm, 13♂, 20♀, 37.56 (9.95), NR (NR), University of Queensland and University of Haifa | 15♂, 8♀, 33 (678), NR (NR), University of Queensland and University of Haifa, NR | Physiotherapists, experienced, NR | Yes, hit a target, yes, yes, sitting, fixed to back support, 40° of range, fast as possible, no | Head mounted display with a built-in motion tracker (Wrap™ 1200VR by Vuzix, New York, www.vuzix.com), 30, NR, NR, NR, NR | CNP. Mean velocity (°/sec): F: 20.14 (9.0), E: 29.08 (17.1), LR: 34.91 (14.0), RR: 32.88 (15.2). Peak velocity (°/sec): F: 50.34 (20.2), E: 55.30 (30.3), LR: 73.73 (28.7), RR: 66.64 (31.1). Number of velocity peaks: F: 1.24 (0.8), E: 1.40 (1.2), LR: 2.23 (1.0), RR: 1.99 (1.2) | HC. Mean velocity (°/sec): F: 83.82a (33.3), E: 76.89a (33.1), LR: 100.60a (3.5), RR: 100.69a (40.1). Peak velocity (°/sec2): F: 166.82a (69.6), E: 149.05a (68.6), LR: 261.59a (104.4), RR: 220.93a (89.2). Number of velocity peaks: F: 2.79a (1.1), E: 2.42a (1.3), LR: 3.5a (1.2), RR: 3.5a (1.3) | |
| Baydal 2011, case control | WAD II and III, > 6 month, < 12 months, NR (NR), 15♂, 15♀, (NR), NR (NR) rehabilitation unit, NR. simulators, NR (NR), non-symptomatic WAD, (NR), 15♂, 14♀, NR (NR), NR (NR), IBV database, NR | 15♂, 15♀, NR (NR), NR (NR), NR, NR | NR, NR, NR | Yes, repetitive flexion–extension, yes, no, sitting, back support, fixed to the back support, NR, self-selected, no | Video-photogrammetry system, NR, NR, NR, NR, NR | WAD II and III. Peak velocity (°/sec). F/E: 71 (22) WAD II and III. Peak acceleration (°/sec3). F/E: 168 (93) | WAD simulators. Peak velocity (°/sec). F/E: 29 (16) WAD simulators. Peak acceleration (°/sec3). F/E: 59 (36) | HC. Peak velocity (°/sec). F/E: 149 (50)ab, HC. Peak acceleration (°/sec3). F/E: 410 (200)ab |
| Cheng 2009, case control | CNP, 4.4 (2.2 ) years, NPRS 3.7 (0.8), 6♂, 6♀, 25.4 (2.1), NR (NR), NR, graduated students, teachers, or clinicians | 7♂, 5♀, 24.9 (1.8), NR (NR), NR, graduated students | NR, NR, NR | NR, neck flexion/extension, yes, NR, sitting, back support, yes, not end range, self-selected, no | Electrogoniometer (CXTLA02, Crossbow, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA), NR, 0.1°, NR, NR, NR | CNP. Mean velocity (°/sec). F: 9.0 (2.1). E: 9.2 (1.3) | HC. Mean velocity (°/sec). F: 9.8 (3.8). E: 10.7 (2.7) | |
| Feipel 2006, case control | WAD, 31 (32) months, NR (NR), 11♂, 18♀, 37 (14), NR (NR), NR, NR | 12♂, 14♀, 35 (11), NR (NR), NR, NR | NR, NR, NR | Yes, AROM (F/E and R ) HRE, yes, yes, sitting back support, no, end range , self-selected, yes and no | 3D electrogoniometer (CA 6000 Spine Motion Analyzer, O.S.I., Union City, CA),100 Hz, NR, NR, NR, NR | WAD. Peak velocity (°/sec). F: 121 (48. E: 118 (44). F-conjuct R: 2 (4), F-conjuct LF: 2 (5), E-conjuct R: 5 (6), E-conjuct LF: 1 (4) | HC. Peak velocity (°/sec). F: 157 (85). E: 147 (77). F-conjuct R: 2 (5), F-conjuct LF: 1 (5), E-conjuct R: 3 (6), E-conjuct LF: 4 (4)a | |
| Grip 2008, case control | CNP, > 3 months, VAS 49.2 (NR) mm, 7♂, 14♀, 49 (16), NR (NR), rehabilitation clinics and medical centres, NR. WAD I and II, > 3 months, VAS 66.1 (18.8) mm, 5♂, 17♀, 49 (15), NR (NR), rehabilitation clinics and medical centres, NR | 8♂, 16♀, 50 (18), NR (NR), advertisement, NR | NR, NR, NR | Yes, fast head rotation, yes, yes, sitting, NR, NR, pain limit, fast as possible, no | ProReflex system (Qualisys Medical AB®, Gothenburg, Sweden), 120, 0.8 (1.73), NR, NR, NR | CNP. Mean velocity (°/sec). F: 44.6 (29.8). E: 60.2 (39.0). Pooled rotation: 60.2 (39.0) | WAD. Mean velocity (°/sec). F: 28.4 (22.7)c. E: 21.1 (15.9)c. Pooled rotation: 43.3 (30.4)c | HC. Mean velocity (°/sec). F: 72.3 (21.7)ab. E: 59.3 (20.7)ab. Pooled rotation: 95.4 (29.9)ab |
| Guo 2012, case control | NP, NR (NR), 27 (20) mm, 13♂, 14♀, 24.2 (5.9), NR (NR), NR, NR | Total 13, NR♂, NR♀, 20.9 (1.3), NR (NR), NR, NR | NR, NR, NR | NR, AROM, NR, NR, sitting, NR, NR, end range, self-selected, NR | Fastrak, Polhemius, USA, 120, NR, NR, AROM: > 0,791 Conjuct motion: > 0.4, NR | NP. F-conjuct RLF: 5.8 (3.3), F-conjuct RR: 6.3 (3.4), E-conjuct LLF: 8.3 (4.7), E-conjuct LR: 6.6 (2.8), LR-conjuct E: 9.9 (7.4), LR-conjuct LLF: 11.7 (7.9), RR-conjuct E: 8.8 (8.7), RR-conjuct RLF: 8.6 (9.1), LLF-conjuct F: 11.3 (7.1), LLF-conjuct F: 11.3 (7.1), LLF-conjuct LR: 16.7 (8.2), RLF-conjuct F: 13.9 (6.4), RLF-conjuct RR: 18.5 (7.2) | HC. F-conjuct RLF: 5.0 (2.5), F-conjuct RR: 4.5 (1.6)a, E-conjuct LLF: 7.9 (4.7), E-conjuct LR: 7.3 (2.9), LR-conjuct E: 8.4 (3.8), LR-conjuct LLF: 12.0 (3.8), RR-conjuct E: 9.6 (2.9), RR-conjuct RLF: 10.7 (5.0), LLF-conjuct F: 10.2 (5.2), LLF-conjuct F: 10.2 (5.2), LLF-conjuct LR: 16.6 (7.3), RLF-conjuct F: 10.2 (5.6), RLF-conjuct RR: 16.6 (6.0) | |
| Lemmers 2018, case control | Non-specific, NR, NPRS 4 (2), 16♂19♀, 48 (15), NR, physiotherapy clinic, NR | 50♂ 50♀, 44 (16), NR, physiotherapy clinic, NR | NR, NR, NR | Yes, AROM, yes, yes, Sitting with back support, no, pain limit, self-selected, no | Flock of Birds electromagnetic tracking system (Ascension Technologies, Shelburne, USA©), no, NR, NR, NR, NR | Non-specific NP. Variability. F/E: 0.73 (0.32). LF: 0.45 (0.27). Non-specific NP. Root mean square of jerk. F/E: 12.97 (5.01). LF: 8.70 (3.62). Conjuct motion: F/E conjuct R: 18.84 (11.22), F/E conjuct LF: 15.12 (8.02), LF conjuct F/E: 59.25 (37.94), LF conjuct R: 59.01 (31.08) | HC. Variability. F/E: 0.98 (0.59). LF: 0.48 (0.31). HC. Root mean square of jerk. F/E: 13.26 (5.48). LF: 8,18 (3.67). Conjuct motion: F/E conjuct R: 18.84 (11.22), F/E conjuct LF: 15.12 (8.02), LF conjuct F/E: 59.25 (37.94), LF conjuct R: 59.01 (31.08) | |
| Meisingset 2015, case control | NP, > 2 weeks, NPRS 4.6 (1.4), 20♂, 55♀, 43.1 (12.9), 24.9 (4.7), private physiotherapy clinic and specialised neck and back pain clinic at university hospital, NR | 43♂, 48♀, 40.8 (13.8), 25 (3.5), university hospital, NR | Physiotherapist, well trained, NR | Unclear, AROM, JPE, unclear, yes, sitting, back support, fixed to back support, end range, self-selected, yes (JPE test) | Electromagnetic motion tracker system (Polhemus, Inc, Colchester, Vermont, USA), 240 Hz, NR, NR, NR, NR | NP. Peak velocity (°/sec) (adjusted for age and gender): F/E: 70.6 (35.8), R: 109.3 (45), LF: 57.9 (24.8). Conjuct motion (°) (adjusted for age and gender). F/E cunjuct: 12.3 (4.4), R cunjuct: 19.8 (8), LF cunjuct: 45.7 (24.7) | NP. Peak velocity (°/sec) (adjusted for age and gender): F/E: 115.6a (35), R: 158.9a (45.8), LF: 85.7a (24.3). Conjuct motion (°) (adjusted for age and gender). F/E cunjuct: 16.5a (4.4), R cunjuct: 25.1a (7.8), LF cunjuct: 62.5 (24.3) | |
| Röijezon 2010, case control | Non-specific neck pain (sample 1), 132 (NR) months, VAS 62 (16) mm, 0♂, 16♀, 48 (7), 26.6 (4.9), local papers, NR. Non-specific neck pain (sample 2), 120 (NR) months, NRS 5.4 (1.6), 0♂, 102♀, 51 (9), 26.7 (4.7), local papers, NR | 0♂, 16♀, 45 (10), 23.8 (1.7), local papers, NR 0♂, 33♀, 47 (10), 24.9 (4.1), local papers, NR | NR, NR, NR | Yes and no, fast ROM, yes, yes, sitting, NR, NR, fast as possible, no | Electromagnetic tracking system (FASTRAK™,Polhemus Inc, USA), 60 Hz, NR, NR, peak speed: hc 0.75 (0.41–0.91), np 0.84 (0.58–0.94). ROM: hc 0.64 (0.21–86), np 0.86 (0.63–0.95), peak speed: hc 33 (25–52), np 41 (31–64). hc ROM: 4.2 (3.1–6.4), np 3.8 (2.8–5.9) | NP. Peak velocity (°/sec). R: 226 (88). SID (%): 18.1 (6.5), CM 12.4 (3.7) | HC. Peak velocity (°/sec). R: 348 (92) SID (%):13.7 (4.7) CM 18.8 (7.5) | |
| Sjølander 2008, case control | Insidious neck pain, 97 (68) months, VAS 52 (16) mm, 0♂, 9♀, 40 (9), NR (NR), rehabilitation centre, NR. WAD II and III, 76 (84) months, VAS 45 (19) mm, 2♂, 5♀, 45 (11), NR (NR), rehabilitation centre, NR | 3♂, 13♀, 41 (9), NR (NR), local community, NR | NR, NR, NR | Yes, AROM in rotation, yes, yes, standing, NA, yes, fast as possible, NR | Electromagnetic tracking system, 60, NR, NR, NR, NR | Insidious neck pain. Peak velocity (°/sec): **out-left: 95.3 (27.5), out-right: C12, in-left:89.7 (26.3), in-right: 85.4 (32.4), total jerk index: out-left: 15.9 (9.5), out-right: 14.1 (9.7), in-left: 16.2 (8.7), in-right:17.3 (11.3) | WAD. Peak velocity (°/sec): out-left: 108.6 (20.4), out-right: C12, in-left: 103.7 (19.1), in-right: 96.4 (27.4), total jerk index: out-left: 13.1 (5.1), out-right: 13.6 (9.1), in-left: 11.1 (6.1), in-right: 15.2 (10.6) | HC. Peak velocity (°/sec): out-left: 132.8 (39.6), out-right: C12, in-left: 119.5 (28.6), in-right: 116.9 (28.6), total jerk index: out-left: 7.5 (4.4)ab, out-right: 7.7 (4.2), in-left: 8.6 (4.9)ab, in-right: 9.4 (7.1) |
| Tsang 2013, case control | CNP, 5.13 (NR) years, NPRS 38.97/100, 9♂25♀, 38.44 (10.87), 21.77 (3.03), local community, NR | 9♂ 25♀, 34.35 (9.08), 22.07, local community, NR | NR, NR, NR | Yes, AROM, yes, yes, sitting, NR, no, end range, NR, no | Fastrak, Polhemus Inc., Colchester, VT, USA, 30, NR, NR, NR, NR | CNP. Mean velocity (°/sec). F: ≈ 62 (21). E: ≈ 57 (16). LR: ≈ 134 (52). RR: ≈ 129 (52). LLF: ≈ 52 (16). RLF: ≈ 52 (10) | HC. Mean velocity (°/sec). F: ≈ 83 (26). E: ≈ 78 (26). LR: ≈ 186 (52). RR: ≈ 181 (52). LLF: ≈ 72 (31). RLF: ≈ 72 (31). | |
| Vogt 2007, case control | CNP, NR (NR), VAS 37 (8) mm, 6♂, 10♀, 55.8 (2.8), NR (NR), co-operating rehabilitation clinics, NR | 8♂, 10♀, 56.6 (3.5) (3.5), NR (NR), advertisements, NR | NR, NR, NR | Yes, AROM, yes, yes, sitting, NR, end range, self-selected, NR | Zebris CMS 70©, Germany, 30, > 0.6 mm, NR, > 0.92 (r = 0.996–0.921; p < 0.001), NR | CNP. CV (%). F: 12.1 (12.0). E: 11.2 (9.5). LR: 8.0 (7.1). RR: 8.0 (7.1). LLF: 12.0 (3.3). RLF: 13.3 (4.0). | HC. CV (%). F: 2.8 (1.3). E: 1.9 (0.9). LR: 1.7 (1.0). RR: 1.7 (1.0). LLF: 5.3 (3.0). RLF: 5.1 (2.6). | |
| Woodhouse 2008, case control | WAD I and II, > 6 months (NR), NPRS 5.60 (2.49), 22♂, 34♀, 38.19 (10.8), NR (NR), referred, NR. CNP, > 6 months (NR), NPRS 3.84 (− 1.74), 19♂, 38♀, 43.7 (12.6), NR (0), physiotherapists and general practitioners, NR | 29♂, 28♀, 38.2 (10.9), NR (NR), different, NR | NR, NR, no | NR, AROM, NR, yes, sitting, NR, end range, NR, eyes closed | 3-Space Fastrak , 120 Hz, reference, NR, NR, NR | WAD. F/E-conjuct R: 3.95 (1.89), F/E-conjuct LF: 3.66 (1.82), R conjuct-F/E: 6.89 (3.22), R conjuct-LF: 7.00 (3.52), R conjuct-LF: 7.00 (3.52), LF-conjuct F/E: 6.59 (2.98) | CNP. F/E-conjuct R: 4.58 (1.32)c, F/E-conjuct LF: 4.18 (1.24), R-conjuct F/E: 8.99 (3.26)c, R-conjuct LF: 8.87 (4.09)c, R-conjuct LF: 8.87 (4.09)c, LF-conjuct F/E: 7.57 (3.12) | HC. F/E-conjuct R: 5.10 (1.53)a, F/E-conjuct LF: 5.24 (2.26)ab, R-conjuct F/E: 12.79 (5.23)ab, R-conjuct LF: 13.15 (4.08)ab, R-conjuct LF: 13.15 (4.08)ab, LF-conjuct F/E: 8.43 (2.69)ab |