Table 6
Description of studies measuring neck posture
| First author, year, design | Study population | Testing circumstances | Device | Comparison of posture | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of neck pain, pain duration, pain intensity, sex (♂,♀), mean age (SD), mean BMI (SD), recruitment, occupation | Controls’ sex (♂,♀), mean age (SD), mean BMI (SD), recruitment, occupation | Examiners professional background, training, blinding | Instruction standardised, type of test, training, repeated, restrictions applied* | Type, sample rate (Hz), measurement error, LOA, ICC, SEM | Neck pain group I, type degrees (SD) | Healthy controls type degrees (SD) | ||
| Arvidsson et al. 2006, cohort | Neck-shoulder disorders, NR, NR, 0♂ 13♀, 38 (NR), NR, workplace, air traffic control | 0♂, 11♀, 35 (NR), NR (NR), workplace, air traffic control | Physical therapist, NR, NR | NA, ordinary work, NA, no, sitting, NA, NA, NA, NR | Inclinometry, 20 Hz, NR, NR, NR, NR | Neck-shoulder disorders, 95th–5th, neck: 44 (9), head: 39 (8) | HC, 95th–5th, neck: 42 (10), head: 34 (7) | |
| Edmondston 2007, case control | Postural neck pain, 5.2 (4.28) years, VAS 48.3 (14.81), 10♂11♀, 29.0 (7.36), NR,advertisement, NR | 10♂ 12♀, 25.7 (5.95), NR, advertising, NR | Experienced physiotherapist, NR, NR | Yes, habitual sitting posture, perceived good posture and JPE, yes, yes, sitting, no, NA, NA, blindfolded | Three-dimensional optical motion analysis system (PEAK Performance Technologies Inc., Centennial, CO, USA), 50 Hz, NR, NR, NR, NR | Postural neck pain, habitual sitting posture, cervicothoracic: 158.0 (5.75), head tilt: 64.8 (5.41), head protraction: 170.0 (8.24), shoulder protraction: 11.7 (4.74), perceived ‘good’ posture, cervicothoracic: 153.6 (5.87), head tilt: 59.8 (7.00), head protraction: 169.6 (7.25), shoulder protraction: 12.7 (5.27) | HC, habitual sitting posture, cervicothoracic: 157.0 (6.22), head tilt: 68.0 (7.26), head protraction: 166.6 (6.82), shoulder protraction: 11.9 (6.33), perceived ‘good’ posture, cervicothoracic: 151.5 (4.91), head tilt: 64.4 (7.78)a, head protraction: 165.0 (7.85)a, shoulder protraction: 11.8 (6.08) | |
| Silva 2009, case control | CNP, > 6 month, < 30 years, NPRS 5.6 (2.1), 6♂34♀, 50.2 (7.9), NR, referred by a physician for physiotherapy because of NP at the Hospital da Prelada, NR | 6♂ 34♀, 50.2 (7.9), NR, general population, NR | NR, NR, yes | Yes, postural, no, no, standing, no, habitual, no movement, no | Video camera setup and APAS software, 25 Hz, NR, NR, NR, NR | CNP, habitual, C7, tragus, horizontal: 45.4 (6.8), tragus, eye, horizontal: 21.0 (6.4), Right ear, left ear, horizontal: 2.3 (1.8) | HC, habitual, C7, tragus, horizontal: 48.6a (7.1), tragus, eye, horizontal: 18.8 (7.7), right ear, left ear, horizontal: 1.8 (1.5) | |
| Szeto 2005, case control | NP, > 3 months, NR, 0♂21♀, 36 (4.6), NR, NR, office workers | 0♂ 17♀, NR, NR, NR, office workers | NR, NR, NR | NR, 1 h typing, NR, no, sitting, no, habitual, no movement, no | Vicon 370, 60 Hz, 0.94 mm, NR, NR, NR | NP, 1 h typing, Head F/E: 67.59 (10.8), Head LF: − 1.14 (1.8), head R: 1.78 (2.4) | HC, 1 h typing, head F/E: 63.74 (12.9), head LF: − 2.67a (2.2), head R: 4.23a (2.5) | |
| Xie Yf 2018, case control | Non-specific neck pain, > 3 months, NPRS 4.9 (1.8), 8♂11♀, 24.4, NR, poster advertisements in the local universities, NR | 7♂ 11♀, 23.2 (3.3), NR, poster advertisements in the local universities, NR | NR, NR, NR | Unclear, taping on 1: smart phone one hand 2: both hands 3: computer, yes, no, sitting with back support, no, NA, NA, | Inertial measurement unit motion sensors (MyoMotion Clinical, Noraxon U.S.A. Inc.), 1500, 1°, NR, NR, NR | Non-specific NP, one hand F/E: ≈ 24.9 (6.6), R: ≈ RR 3.4 ( 6.3), LF: ≈ RLF 2.7 (5.8), both hands F/E: 28.8 (5.9), R: ≈ LR 0.4 (4.3), LF: ≈ RLF 3.1 (5.3), computer typing F/E: ≈ 4.5 (11.7), R: ≈ LR 0.4 (1.4), LF: ≈ RLF 1.2 (4.1) | HC, one hand, F/E: ≈ 25.8 (8.8), R: ≈ RR 0.4 (4.1), LF: ≈ LLF 0.8 (5.4), both hands F/E: ≈ 29.3 (6.7), R: ≈ LR 1.6 (3.1), LF: ≈ RLF 0.5 (4,3), computer typing F/E: ≈ 2.9 (6.8), R: ≈ RR 0.4 (6.6), LF: ≈RLF 1.6 (2.3) | |
*Is test position in sitting, standing, with back support? Is the test subject fixed to the back support? Test to end range or pain limit? Movement speed self-selected, fast as possible or fixed? Is the test subject blindfolded?
aSignificant difference neck pain group I vs HC (p > 0,05)
bSignificant difference neck pain group II vs HC (p > 0,05)
cSignificant difference neck pain group I vs II (p > 0,05). ≈ Red from a graph