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Table 2

Summary of the SM dose-physiological response relationship in human studies. (N=Newton)

StudiesDosage parametersSpine levelSample sizeOutcomes measuresResults
[19] Colloca et al, 2003Thrust forces: 30 N, 150 NL4N = 4PAIN PRESSURE THRESHOLD● NO DIFFERENCES
[23] Krouwel et al, 2010Thrust forces: 50, 200 NL5N = 30● NO DIFFERENCES
Thrust durations: 1,5 Hz or sustained pressure
[28] Pentelka et al, 2012Thrust durations: 30s,60sL3N = 19● NO DIFFERENCES
[29] Willett et al, 2010Thrust durations: 1 Hz, 2 HzL1 to L3N = 30● NO DIFFERENCES
[19] Colloca et al, 2003Thrust forces: 30 N, 150 NL1 to L3N = 4MUSCULAR RESPONSE AMPLITUDE● Data suggest higher responses with maximum thrust force setting
[22] Keller et al, 2000Thrust forces: 19,5 N,190 NBilateral PSIS, sacrum, S1 and L5, L4, L2, T12 and T8N = 40● Increase after SM treatment
● SMT showed a greater increasing than control group and sham treatment
[25] Nougarou et al, 2014Preload forces: 5 N,50 N, 95 N, 140 NT6 to T8N = 23● Decrease during preload
● Increase during thrust
[26] Nougarou et al, 2016Combination of thrust forces / thrust durations: 57 ms/150 N, 80 ms/200 N, 102 ms,250 N, 125 ms/300 NT6 to T8N = 25● NO DIFFERENCES
[24] Nougarou et al, 2013Thrust forces: 80,130,180, 255 NT6,T8N = 26● Increase in thrust phase and resolution phase
[10] Pagé et al, 2016Thrust forces: 75 N,125 N,175 N, 225 NL3N = 51● Increase with increasing thrust force
[19] Colloca et al, 2003Thrust forces: 30 N, 150 NL1 to L3N = 4VERTEBRAL DISPLACEMENT● Data suggest an increase when greater force is applied
[20] Colloca et al, 2004Thrust forces: 30 N, 88 N, 117 N, 150 NL3 to S2N = 9● Increase with increasing thrust force
[22] Keller et al, 2000Thrust forces: 19,5 N,190 NBilateral PSIS, sacrum, S1 and L5, L4, L2, T12 and T8N = 40●increase after any treatment
●SMT showed a greater increasing than control group and sham treatment
[25] Nougarou et al, 2014Preload forces: 5 N,50 N, 95 N, 140 NT6 to T8N = 23

●Linear decrease with force during thrust phase

● Increase in preload phase with increasing preload

[26] Nougarou et al, 2016Combination of thrust forces / thrust durations: 57 ms/150 N, 80 ms/200 N, 102 ms,250 N, 125 ms/300 NT6 to T8N = 25● Increase in thrust phase with increasing thrust force
[27] Pagé et al, 2014Thrust durations: 125 ms, 175 ms, 275 msT7,T8N = 20● NO DIFFERENCES