Spinal manipulation frequency and dosage effects on clinical and physiological outcomes: a scoping review

doi:10.1186/s12998-019-0244-0

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Chiropr Man Therap. 2019; 27: 23.

Published online 2019 May 22. doi: 10.1186/s12998-019-0244-0

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Table 3

Summary of the SM dose-physiological response relationship in animal studies

Studies	Dosage parameters	Sample size	Spine level	Muscle spindle activity - main results
[30] Cao et al., 2013	Thrust forces: 25, 55, 85% of BW	n = 112 cats	L6	● Consistent increase in MIF for 1 mm thrust amplitude.
	Thrust displacements: 1, 2 or 3 mm			●No specific trend associated to modulation in forces and displacements
	Thrust durations: 0,25,50,75,100,150,200, 250 ms
[35] Pickar et al., 2006	Thrust forces: 33, 66, 100% of BW	n = 46 cats	L6	●Data suggest that decreasing thrust duration increases ΔMIF
[35] Pickar et al., 2006	Thrust duration: 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 or 800 ms	n = 46 cats	L6	● There is a threshold effect for duration for which the discharge greatly increases
[36] Pickar et al., 2007	Thrust displacement: 1 or 2 mm	n = 54 cats	L6	● Data suggest that decreasing thrust duration increases ΔMIF
	Thrust duration: 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 ms
	Thrust duration: 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 ms			● Peak thrust amplitude (1 mm compared to 2 mm) influence ΔMIF
[37] Reed et al., 2013	Thrust forces: 25, 55, 85% of BW	n = 112 cats	L6	● Data suggest that decreasing thrust duration increases mean spindle discharge through range of forces.
	Thrust displacement: 1, 2 or 3 mm			● Through a range of force durations, increasing force seems to increase ΔMIF.
	Thrust durations: 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 250 ms			● For most thrust duration, peak thrust displacement did not influence ΔMIF.
	Thrust durations: 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 250 ms			● Increasing force rates increased MIF
[38] Reed et al., 2015	Thrust force: ranges from 68 N to 122 N	n = 1 cat	L7	● Data suggest that increasing force leads to increase ΔMIF.
[39] Reed et al., 2014	Preload variation: 18% or 43% of thrust force	n = 20 cats	L6	● Increasing longer preload duration (4 s compared to 1 s) increases ΔMIF.
	Thrust durations: 1 or 4 s (Thrust force: 55% of BW)
				● A smaller magnitude of preload (18% compared to 43%) increases ΔMIF
				● The highest preload magnitude and longest duration led to a significantly greater mean decrease in resting spindle discharge
[40] Reed et al., 2017	Thrust force: 22 N, 44 N or 67 N	n = 6 cats	L6	● Data suggest that increase in force increased the time required until the first action potential.

MIF Mean Instantaneous Frequency, ΔMIF Changes in Mean Instantaneous Frequency, BW body of weight