Implementation interventions to improve the management of non-specific low back pain: a systematic review

doi:10.1186/s12891-016-1110-z

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BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016; 17: 258.

Published online 2016 Jun 10. doi: 10.1186/s12891-016-1110-z

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Table 5

Summary of the risk of bias in RCT, non randomised controlled trials and controlled before-after studies

Risk of bias category	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
Was the allocation sequence adequately generated?	U	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	U	L	H	U	H
Was the allocation adequately concealed?	L	L	L	L	L	L	U	L	L	U	U	H	U	U
Were baseline outcome measurements similar?	L	U	U	L	U	L	H	L	L	H	H	L	H	H
Were baseline characteristics similar?	L	U	U	L	L	L	L	L	L	H	H	L	H	L
Were incomplete outcome data adequately addressed?	L	L	L	L	H	H	L	H	H	L	U	H	H	H
Was knowledge of the allocated intervention adequately prevented during study?	L	L	L	H	L	U	U	L	L	L	U	U	U	U
Was the study adequately protected against contamination?	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	U
Was the study free from selective outcome reporting?	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	L
Was the study free from other risk of bias?	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	H	H	L	L	L	L	L

Abbreviations: 1 – Winkens et al., [47]; 2 – Eccles et al., [24]; 3 – Kerry et al., [22]; 4 – Dey et al., [29]; 5 – Bekkering et al., [26]; 6 – Engers et al., [46]; 7 - Bishop & Wing, [28]; 8 – Bekkering et al., [45]; 9 – Engers et al., [27]; 10 – Stevenson et al., [30]; 11 - Schectman et al., [23]; 12 – McGuirk et al., [32]; 13- Becker et al., [44]; 14 – Goldberg et al., [31]; H – High risk of bias; L – Low risk of bias; U – Unclear risk of bias