Table 2

Comparison of baseline characteristics across the intervention groups

VariableLabelOverallTEPTEP+PSEPCSEPCSEP+PSEPP-Value

N = 4,325N = 1,216N = 952N = 1,096N = 1,061
Innate characteristics
A Age22.0 ± 4.221.6 ± 4.122.6 ± 4.521.8 ± 4.022.1 ± 4.3<0.0001
GenderMale3,082870 (71.7%)689 (72.5%)758 (69.5%)765 (72.7%)0.335
Female1,226344 (28.3%)262 (27.5%)333 (30.5%)287 (27.3%)
RaceBlack or Africa420104 (8.6%)88 (9.3%)114 (10.4%)114 (10.8%)0.236
Hispanic426128 (10.5%)97 (10.3%)115 (10.5%)86 (8.1%)
White or Caucas3,190897 (73.8%)711 (75.2%)797 (72.8%)785 (74.1%)
Other27986 (7.1%)50 (5.3%)69 (6.3%)74 (7.0%)
EducationHigh school or lower1,935600 (49.3%)409 (43.0%)484 (44.2%)442 (41.7%)0.0038
Some college1,998504 (41.4%)463 (48.6%)506 (46.2%)525 (49.5%)
College or higher391112 (9.2%)80 (8.4%)105 (9.6%)94 (8.9%)
IncomeLess than $20,0002,125620 (51.2%)418 (44.0%)583 (53.3%)504 (47.7%)0.0001
Greater than $20,0002,188592 (48.8%)532 (56.0%)511 (46.7%)553 (52.3%)
Active DutyActive2,532725 (59.6%)504 (52.9%)737 (67.4%)566 (53.4%)<0.0001
Reserve1,782491 (40.4%)446 (46.8%)356 (32.5%)489 (46.1%)
Other82 (0.2%)1 (0.1%)5 (0.5%)
Time In Army<5 months2,691768 (63.2%)566 (59.5%)737 (67.4%)620 (58.5%)<0.0001
5 months to 1 year969276 (22.7%)198 (20.8%)222 (20.3%)273 (25.8%)
More than 1 year661172 (14.1%)188 (19.7%)134 (12.3%)167 (15.8%)
Height68.3 ± 3.968.4 ± 3.768.4 ± 3.868.1 ± 4.068.4 ± 4.00.340
Weight164.8 ± 27.7164.8 ± 26.7165.7 ± 28.2163.8 ± 27.9165.2 ± 28.00.426
BMI24.8 ± 3.124.7 ± 3.024.8 ± 3.324.7 ± 3.224.7 ± 3.20.807
Psychological
BDI Total6.4 ± 6.66.5 ± 6.96.4 ± 6.76.5 ± 6.56.3 ± 6.20.843
FPQ Total18.1 ± 5.917.8 ± 5.918.2 ± 5.918.0 ± 6.118.2 ± 5.60.317
BBQ Total43.4 ± 7.143.3 ± 7.243.1 ± 6.944.0 ± 6.843.2 ± 7.20.010
STAI36.0 ± 9.136.2 ± 9.535.8 ± 9.135.7 ± 9.036.3 ± 9.00.337
Baseline health status and physical activity
SF 12 PCS53.4 ± 5.253.7 ± 5.053.5 ± 5.053.4 ± 5.353.1 ± 5.20.041
SF 12 MCS49.2 ± 8.649.2 ± 8.749.1 ± 8.749.2 ± 8.549.0 ± 8.50.938
Smoke Prior to ArmyYes1,552442 (36.3%)354 (37.2%)374 (34.2%)382 (36.0%)0.534
No2,771774 (63.7%)598 (62.8%)720 (65.8%)679 (64.0%)
Exercise RoutinelyYes2,220627 (51.6%)474 (49.8%)560 (51.2%)559 (52.7%)0.647
No2,102589 (48.4%)477 (50.2%)534 (48.8%)502 (47.3%)
Attention/Relational Effect
Physical ExamNo3,9511,128 (92.8%)855 (89.8%)1,005 (91.7%)963 (90.8%)0.087
Yes37488 (7.2%)97 (10.2%)91 (8.3%)98 (9.2%)
BBQ, Back Beliefs Questionnaire; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BMI, body mass index; CSEP, core stabilization exercise program; FPQ, Fear of Pain Questionnaire (9 items); PSEP, psychosocial education program; SF 12 MCS, Mental Component Summary Score from the Short Form Medical Survey (12 items); SF 12 PCS, Physical Component Summary Score from the Short Form Medical Survey (12 items); STAI, State Trait Anxiety Inventory (state portion only); TEP, traditional exercise program