Variable | Label | Overall | TEP | TEP+PSEP | CSEP | CSEP+PSEP | P-Value |
| |
| |
| | N = 4,325 | N = 1,216 | N = 952 | N = 1,096 | N = 1,061 | |
Innate characteristics |
A Age | | 22.0 ± 4.2 | 21.6 ± 4.1 | 22.6 ± 4.5 | 21.8 ± 4.0 | 22.1 ± 4.3 | <0.0001 |
Gender | Male | 3,082 | 870 (71.7%) | 689 (72.5%) | 758 (69.5%) | 765 (72.7%) | 0.335 |
| Female | 1,226 | 344 (28.3%) | 262 (27.5%) | 333 (30.5%) | 287 (27.3%) | |
Race | Black or Africa | 420 | 104 (8.6%) | 88 (9.3%) | 114 (10.4%) | 114 (10.8%) | 0.236 |
| Hispanic | 426 | 128 (10.5%) | 97 (10.3%) | 115 (10.5%) | 86 (8.1%) | |
| White or Caucas | 3,190 | 897 (73.8%) | 711 (75.2%) | 797 (72.8%) | 785 (74.1%) | |
| Other | 279 | 86 (7.1%) | 50 (5.3%) | 69 (6.3%) | 74 (7.0%) | |
Education | High school or lower | 1,935 | 600 (49.3%) | 409 (43.0%) | 484 (44.2%) | 442 (41.7%) | 0.0038 |
| Some college | 1,998 | 504 (41.4%) | 463 (48.6%) | 506 (46.2%) | 525 (49.5%) | |
| College or higher | 391 | 112 (9.2%) | 80 (8.4%) | 105 (9.6%) | 94 (8.9%) | |
Income | Less than $20,000 | 2,125 | 620 (51.2%) | 418 (44.0%) | 583 (53.3%) | 504 (47.7%) | 0.0001 |
| Greater than $20,000 | 2,188 | 592 (48.8%) | 532 (56.0%) | 511 (46.7%) | 553 (52.3%) | |
Active Duty | Active | 2,532 | 725 (59.6%) | 504 (52.9%) | 737 (67.4%) | 566 (53.4%) | <0.0001 |
| Reserve | 1,782 | 491 (40.4%) | 446 (46.8%) | 356 (32.5%) | 489 (46.1%) | |
| Other | 8 | | 2 (0.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | 5 (0.5%) | |
Time In Army | <5 months | 2,691 | 768 (63.2%) | 566 (59.5%) | 737 (67.4%) | 620 (58.5%) | <0.0001 |
| 5 months to 1 year | 969 | 276 (22.7%) | 198 (20.8%) | 222 (20.3%) | 273 (25.8%) | |
| More than 1 year | 661 | 172 (14.1%) | 188 (19.7%) | 134 (12.3%) | 167 (15.8%) | |
Height | | 68.3 ± 3.9 | 68.4 ± 3.7 | 68.4 ± 3.8 | 68.1 ± 4.0 | 68.4 ± 4.0 | 0.340 |
Weight | | 164.8 ± 27.7 | 164.8 ± 26.7 | 165.7 ± 28.2 | 163.8 ± 27.9 | 165.2 ± 28.0 | 0.426 |
BMI | | 24.8 ± 3.1 | 24.7 ± 3.0 | 24.8 ± 3.3 | 24.7 ± 3.2 | 24.7 ± 3.2 | 0.807 |
Psychological |
BDI Total | | 6.4 ± 6.6 | 6.5 ± 6.9 | 6.4 ± 6.7 | 6.5 ± 6.5 | 6.3 ± 6.2 | 0.843 |
FPQ Total | | 18.1 ± 5.9 | 17.8 ± 5.9 | 18.2 ± 5.9 | 18.0 ± 6.1 | 18.2 ± 5.6 | 0.317 |
BBQ Total | | 43.4 ± 7.1 | 43.3 ± 7.2 | 43.1 ± 6.9 | 44.0 ± 6.8 | 43.2 ± 7.2 | 0.010 |
STAI | | 36.0 ± 9.1 | 36.2 ± 9.5 | 35.8 ± 9.1 | 35.7 ± 9.0 | 36.3 ± 9.0 | 0.337 |
Baseline health status and physical activity |
SF 12 PCS | | 53.4 ± 5.2 | 53.7 ± 5.0 | 53.5 ± 5.0 | 53.4 ± 5.3 | 53.1 ± 5.2 | 0.041 |
SF 12 MCS | | 49.2 ± 8.6 | 49.2 ± 8.7 | 49.1 ± 8.7 | 49.2 ± 8.5 | 49.0 ± 8.5 | 0.938 |
Smoke Prior to Army | Yes | 1,552 | 442 (36.3%) | 354 (37.2%) | 374 (34.2%) | 382 (36.0%) | 0.534 |
| No | 2,771 | 774 (63.7%) | 598 (62.8%) | 720 (65.8%) | 679 (64.0%) | |
Exercise Routinely | Yes | 2,220 | 627 (51.6%) | 474 (49.8%) | 560 (51.2%) | 559 (52.7%) | 0.647 |
| No | 2,102 | 589 (48.4%) | 477 (50.2%) | 534 (48.8%) | 502 (47.3%) | |
Attention/Relational Effect |
Physical Exam | No | 3,951 | 1,128 (92.8%) | 855 (89.8%) | 1,005 (91.7%) | 963 (90.8%) | 0.087 |
| Yes | 374 | 88 (7.2%) | 97 (10.2%) | 91 (8.3%) | 98 (9.2%) | |
BBQ, Back Beliefs Questionnaire; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BMI, body mass index; CSEP, core stabilization exercise program; FPQ, Fear of Pain Questionnaire (9 items); PSEP, psychosocial education program; SF 12 MCS, Mental Component Summary Score from the Short Form Medical Survey (12 items); SF 12 PCS, Physical Component Summary Score from the Short Form Medical Survey (12 items); STAI, State Trait Anxiety Inventory (state portion only); TEP, traditional exercise program