The influence of expectation on spinal manipulation induced hypoalgesia: An experimental study in normal subjects

doi:10.1186/1471-2474-9-19

PMC full text:

BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008; 9: 19.

Published online 2008 Feb 11. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-9-19

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Table 1

Return to: The Influence of Expectation on Spinal Manipulation Induced Hypoalgesia

Descriptive information for the sample

	Positive	Neutral	Negative	Total Sample	p
Sex: Male:	5	4	7	16	0.55
Female:	15	16	13	44

Age in years (sd)	22.95 (2.06)	23.10 (3.49)	23.20 (3.66)	23.08 (3.10)	0.97

Race: Caucasian:	18	14	16	48	0.23
African
American:	1	1	1	3
Other:	1	5	3	9

Education (years (sd))	16.20 (1.32)	16.21 (1.51)	16.03 (1.26)	16.14 (1.35)	0.89

History of LBP: Yes:	5	3	2	10	0.70
No:	14	15	17	46
Missing:	1	2	1	4

Pain Threshold
Temperature (sd)	42.42 (5.25)	42.99 (2.89)	41.98 (3.12)	42.46 (3.86)	0.72
NRS Rating (sd)	13.89 (11.72)	19.63 (20.33)	17.40 (18.16)	16.97 (17.01)	0.57

Baseline Pain Testing
Lower Extremity NRS (sd)	34.92 (23.24)	34.01 (28.11)	27.62 (20.93)	32.10 (24.02)	0.59
Low Back NRS (sd)	46.22 (24.08)	52.99 (27.05)	43.86 (26.18)	47.76 (25.64)	0.52

Psychological Questionnaires
PCS (sd)	15.15 (9.15)	17.30 (9.53)	14.75 (8.43)	15.73 (8.96)	0.63
FPQ (sd)	72.25 (13.47)	81.1 (19.43)	76.65 (14.81)	76.67 (16.24)	0.23
Anxiety VAS (sd)	23.20 (17.60)	21.89 (23.96)	24.30 (19.76)	23.15 (20.21)	0.94

Sample demographic, baseline pain perception, and psychological characteristics. Variables were all obtained prior to randomization. Significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Temperature measures are in degrees Celsius. Pain ratings obtained through 0 to 100 numeric rating scale (NRS).
PCS = Pain Catastrophizing Scale.
FPQ = Fear of Pain Questionnaire.
VAS = Visual Analog Scale.