J Clinical Medicine 2022 (Oct 26); 11 (21): 6293

Table 3.

Diagnostic tests for cervicogenic dizziness.

Test	Mechanism	Purpose	Measurement (Unit)	Method	Positive Test
Cervical joint position error	Improper cervicocollic reflex inhibition	Measure joint position sense	Neutral head position or target error (degree or centimeter)	Participants sit in chairs and face the target on a wall 90 cm away. They are blindfolded there and a specific laser pointer is placed on top of their heads. Participants are asked to move their head away from the target when the laser pointer is right in the center of the target. After returning to the center, the error is evaluated between the starting position and the final position.	The joint position error in one position is above 4.5 degrees
Seated cervical torsion test	Impaired cervicoocular reflex	Measure cervicoocular reflex	Ratio of eye to target motion in neutral and torsion positions	The participants are seated on a stool or chair and eye movements are recorded when ocular fixation is inhibited. Participants turn trunk 90 degrees to right, keeping their heads still. Then, return to the center, turn the trunk 90 degrees to the left, and return to the center. Hold each position for 30 s, and the observer stabilizes the head in all positions.	Nystagmus > 2 degrees persecond at any of the four positions
Smooth pursuit neck torsion test	Impaired cervicoocular reflex	Measure cervicoocular reflex	Ratio of eye to target motion in neutral and torsion positions	Participants focus their eyes on a moving target and keep their head still, in a neutral position, and rotate their torso relative to the head (torsion). Record the speed of eye movement while tracking the target in the vertical or horizontal plane. The average gain is calculated as a parameter defining smooth pursuits. The difference between the average gain of the neutral position of the head and left and right torsion of the head on the body is calculated to determine the difference.	Nystagmus > 2 degrees persecond in left or right neck torsion (excluding a spontaneous nystagmus)
Posturography	Quantitative test of the vestibulospinal reflex.	Measure postural control stability in upright stance in either static or dynamic conditions	Sway area (cm2) or total sway path (mm)	Records were taken while standing on a power platform with both eyes open and closed.	Disturbed postural control