| PMC full text: | Pain. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 Dec 1. Published in final edited form as: |
Table 2
Magnitudes of nocebo effects.
| Study | Pain measure | Time of pain measurement | Cohen’s d lowest (CI 95%*2) | Cohen’s d highest (CI 95%*2) | Hedges’ g
*3 lowest (CI 95%*2) | Hedges’ g
*3 highest (CI 95%*2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Benedetti et al.
(1997) | NRS | Before the injection and after 30 min | 2.10 (1.29-2.91) | 2.10 (1.29-2.91) | 2.05 (1.26-2.85) | 2.05 (1.26-2.85) |
|
Benedetti et al.
(2003) | Tolerance*1 | From last squeeze to unbearable pain | 1.12 (0.29-1.95) | 1.12 (0.29-1.95) | 1.09 (0.28-1.89) | 1.09 (0.28-1.89) |
|
Benedetti et al.
(2006) | NRS | Every minute for 10 min | 1.40 (0.53-2.28) | 4.19 (2.79-5.59) | 1.35 (0.51-2.20) | 4.05 (2.70-5.41) |
|
Colloca et al.
(2008) | NRS | After each stimulation | 0.62 (−0.35-1.60) | 1.13 (0.61-1.64) | 0.59 (−0.33-1.50) | 1.06 (0.57-1.55) |
|
Colloca et al.
(2010) | VAS | After each trial | 0.53 (0.20-0.85) | 0.82 (0.48-1.17) | 0.51 (0.20-0.82) | 0.79 (0.46-1.13) |
|
Elsenbruch et al.
(2012) | VAS | After each stimulation | 0.11 (−0.59-0.80) | 0.23 (−0.47-0.92) | 0.11 (−0.57-0.78) | 0.22 (−0.46-0.90) |
|
Johansen et al.
(2003) | VAS | 5 and 10 min after pain had reached 7 on a VAS | −0.45 (−1.13-0.24) | 0.59 (−0.18-1.36) | −0.43 (−1.1-0.23) | 0.58 (−0.17-1.32) |
| Kong et al. (2008) | VAS | After each stimulation | 1.03 (0.45-1.61) | 1.03 (0.45-1.61) | 0.96 (0.42-1.50) | 0.96 (0.42-1.50) |
| Vase et al. (2003) | M-VAS | After each stimulation | −0.04 (−0.83-0.76) | 0.48 (−0.26-1.23) | −0.03 (−0.78-0.71) | 0.45 (−0.25-1.15) |
|
Vögtle et al.
(2013) | NRS | After each stimulation | 0.36 (−0.19-0.90) | 0.60 (0.05-1.14) | 0.35 (−0.18-0.89) | 0.59 (0.05-1.13) |
|
| ||||||
| Total d and g | 0.65 (0.24-1.05) | 1.07 (0.65-1.48) | 0.62 (0.24-1.01) | 1.03 (0.63-1.43) | ||
*2CI = Confidence intervals.