Logo of nihpaAbout Author manuscriptsSubmit a manuscriptHHS Public Access; Author Manuscript; Accepted for publication in peer reviewed journal;
PMC full text:
Pain. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Pain. 2014 Aug; 155(8): 1426–1434.
Published online 2014 Apr 26. doi:  10.1016/j.pain.2014.04.016

Table 2

Magnitudes of nocebo effects.

StudyPain
measure
Time of pain
measurement
Cohen’s d
lowest (CI 95%*2)
Cohen’s d
highest (CI 95%*2)
Hedges’ g *3
lowest (CI 95%*2)
Hedges’ g *3
highest (CI 95%*2)
Benedetti et al.
(1997)
NRSBefore the injection and
after 30 min
2.10 (1.29-2.91)2.10 (1.29-2.91)2.05 (1.26-2.85)2.05 (1.26-2.85)
Benedetti et al.
(2003)
Tolerance*1From last squeeze to
unbearable pain
1.12 (0.29-1.95)1.12 (0.29-1.95)1.09 (0.28-1.89)1.09 (0.28-1.89)
Benedetti et al.
(2006)
NRSEvery minute for 10 min1.40 (0.53-2.28)4.19 (2.79-5.59)1.35 (0.51-2.20)4.05 (2.70-5.41)
Colloca et al.
(2008)
NRSAfter each stimulation0.62 (−0.35-1.60)1.13 (0.61-1.64)0.59 (−0.33-1.50)1.06 (0.57-1.55)
Colloca et al.
(2010)
VASAfter each trial0.53 (0.20-0.85)0.82 (0.48-1.17)0.51 (0.20-0.82)0.79 (0.46-1.13)
Elsenbruch et al.
(2012)
VASAfter each stimulation0.11 (−0.59-0.80)0.23 (−0.47-0.92)0.11 (−0.57-0.78)0.22 (−0.46-0.90)
Johansen et al.
(2003)
VAS5 and 10 min after pain had
reached 7 on a VAS
−0.45 (−1.13-0.24)0.59 (−0.18-1.36)−0.43 (−1.1-0.23)0.58 (−0.17-1.32)
Kong et al. (2008) VASAfter each stimulation1.03 (0.45-1.61)1.03 (0.45-1.61)0.96 (0.42-1.50)0.96 (0.42-1.50)
Vase et al. (2003) M-VASAfter each stimulation−0.04 (−0.83-0.76)0.48 (−0.26-1.23)−0.03 (−0.78-0.71)0.45 (−0.25-1.15)
Vögtle et al.
(2013)
NRSAfter each stimulation0.36 (−0.19-0.90)0.60 (0.05-1.14)0.35 (−0.18-0.89)0.59 (0.05-1.13)

Total d and g 0.65 (0.24-1.05) 1.07 (0.65-1.48) 0.62 (0.24-1.01) 1.03 (0.63-1.43)
*1Pain was measured via tolerance and thus the sign of the effect sizes was changed.
*2CI = Confidence intervals.
*3Effect sizes were weighted according to the number of subjects (N) in each study (Hedges’ g) [30,31].