Table 1
Clinical outcome | Outcome measure | Description | Scoring |
---|---|---|---|
Dizziness | Numerical rating scale (NRS11) | Participants were asked to rate their dizziness experiences ‘today’ with 0 indicating no dizziness and 10 very severe dizziness. | 0–10 |
Dizziness | Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) | DHI is a comprehensively validated measure of disability due to dizziness from a range of causes [48], and has demonstrated responsiveness to chiropractic interventions in older people [30]. | 0–100 |
Neck pain | NRS11 | Participants were asked to rate their neck pain experience ‘today’ from 0 (no pain) to 10(very severe pain). | 0–10 |
Neck pain | Neck disability index (NDI) | NDI is a 10 item questionnaire reporting pain and difficulties with everyday activities [49]. | 0–100 |
Quality of life | SF12 | SF12 is a 12-point questionnaire that gives two combined scores: a physical component score (PCS) and a mental component score (MCS). | PCS: 0–50 MCS: 0–50 |
Mood | Disability Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS21) | DASS contains 21 questions that report depression, anxiety and stress symptoms within the past week. Each component is scored separately. Interpretation is as follows: depression normal 0–4, moderate 5–8, severe 9–12 extremely severe 13–21; anxiety normal 0–3, moderate 4–6, severe 7–9, and extremely severe 10–21; stress normal 0–6, moderate 7–11, severe 12–16, and extremely severe 17–21 [50]. | Depression 0–21 Anxiety 0–21 Stress 0–21 |
Concerns of falling | Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I) | FES-I is a 16 item questionnaire measuring the level of concern of falling undertaking activities and routines [51]. | 16–64 |
Cognitive function | Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) | MoCA is a 10-min screening assessment for cognitive impairment. The domains are: attention and concentration, executive functions, memory, language, visuo-constructional skills, conceptual thinking, calculations, and orientation. | 0–30 |
Physical function, mobility and balance | Step test | The number of times a person can repeatedly step one foot up and down on and off a standard 7.5 cm height step in 15 s [52]. Both feet were tested and a combined score was used. | Number of steps. |
Timed Up and Go (TUG) | A measure of the time taken to stand up from a standard height armchair, walk a distance of three metres, turn, return and sit back down in the chair [53]. | The time taken in seconds. | |
Functional reach | The distance an individual can reach forward with their dominant arm extended at horizontal, while standing. This is scored with the difference between starting reach and furthest reach in centimetres [54]. | The distance in centimetres. | |
Four-square step test | The time taken to step in a sequence of forward, to the left, backwards and to the right, and then reversed. Each step is performed over an obstacle to increase difficulty [55]. | The time taken in seconds. |