A systematic review comparing the costs of chiropractic care to other interventions for spine pain in the United States

doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1140-5

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BMC Health Serv Res. 2015; 15: 474.

Published online 2015 Oct 19. doi: 10.1186/s12913-015-1140-5

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Table 3

Study design for cost comparisons in worker’s compensation plans

First author	Year	Location/Payer type	Data type/Source	Data start -Data end	Indication/Duration	Inclusion	Exclusion	# Insured/# Eligible/# Included
Butler[39]	2010	National/Self-insured employers	1. Claims, 2. Billing, 3. Patients/ASU Healthy Back Study	1/1/1999 - 6/30/2002	Occupational back pain/Any	Incident back injuries	NR	NR/1,831/984^a
Cifuentes[37]	2011	National/Private insurer	Claims/Liberty Mutual	1/1/2006 – 12/31/2006	Lower back, sacrum, coccyx, multiple trunk Any	1. Nonspecific low back pain cases, and 2. Sprain or strain injury	1. Medical only claims; 2. Previous WC claims; 3. Temporary disability < seven days; 4. <four visits to PT/DC; 5. First visit >14 days after injury; 6. Health maintenance period < seven days	NR/11,420/894
Gilkey [35]	2008	Colorado/Quasi state agency	Claims/Pinnacol Assurance	1/1/2000 - 12/31/2002	Nonspecific low back injury/Any	Closed claims for nonspecific low back injuries	1. Multiple providers; 2. Hospitalization; 3. Surgery	NR/10,262/2,456
Jarvis [38]	1997	Utah/Nonprofit insurer	Claims/Worker Compensation Fund of Utah	1/1/1986 - 12/31/1989	Spine injuries/Any	2.5 % sample of NCCI codes for spine injuries in 1986 or 1989	1. Surgical cases; 2. Cases that crossed over from one provider group to another	NR/80,615/1,568
Johnson [34]	1999	California/Private insurer	Claims/Zenith National Insurance Corp.	10/1/1991 - 8/1/1993	Occupational back pain/Any	Closed back claims	1. Surgical cases; 2. Missing data; 3. Did not receive care from PT or DC; 4. Received care from PT and DC; 5. Permanent total disability cases	NR/844/844
Phelan [36]	2004	North Carolina /Various payers	Claims/North Carolina Industrial Commission	1/1/1975 - 12/31/1994	Lumbar or lumbosacral strain/Any	1. Closed injury claims, and 2. Complete data available	NR	96,627/43,650/43,650

^adata reported in a secondary study report [47]

ASU Arizona State University, DC doctor of chiropractic, NCCI National Council on Compensation Insurance, NR not reported, PT physical therapist, WC workers’ compensation