Quality assessment of included studies
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| Appropriate and clearly focused question | — | 64% (16) | 36% (9) | — | — | 76.9% (20) | 23.1% (6) | — |
| Randomization | 24% (6) | 52% (13) | 24% (6) | — | 7.7% (2) | 65.4% (17) | 26.9% (7) | — |
| Allocation concealment | 28% (7) | 56% (14) | 16% (4) | — | 30.8% (8) | 61.5% (16) | 7.7% (2) | — |
| Blinding | 28% (7) | 60% (15) | 12% (3) | — | 30.8% (8) | 69.2% (18) | — | — |
| Percentage of dropouts | 20% (5) | 12% (3) | 68% (17) | — | 23.1% (6) | 19.2% (5) | 57.7% (15) | — |
| Baseline similarities | 4% (1) | 28% (7) | 68% (17) | — | 3.8% (1) | 30.8% (8) | 65.4% (17) | — |
| Group differences | 36% (9) | 56% (14) | 8% (2) | — | 46.2% (12) | 50% (13) | 3.8 % (1) | — |
| Outcome reliability/validity | — | 20% (5) | 80% (20) | — | 3.8% (1) | 42.3% (11) | 53.9% (14) | — |
| Intention-to-treat analyses | 36% (9) | 12% (3) | 52% (13) | — | 26.9% (7) | 26.9% (7) | 46.2% (12) | — |
| Multisite similarities | 28% (7) | 4% (1) | — | 68% (17) | 46.2% (12) | — | 3.8% (1) | 50% (13) |
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| Recruitment | 16% (4) | 76% (19) | 8% (2) | — | 11.5% (3) | 84.6% (22) | 3.8%(1) | — |
| Participation | 24% (6) | 52% (13) | 24% (6) | — | 23.1% (6) | 53.8% (14) | 23.1% (6) | — |
| Model validity | 36% (9) | 44% (11) | 4% (1) | 16% (4) | 50% (13) | 19.2% (5) | 11.6% (3) | 19.2% (5) |