Kinematics of the head and associated vertebral artery length changes during high-velocity, low-amplitude cervical spine manipulation

Lindsay M. Gorrell; Gregor Kuntze; Janet L. Ronsky; Ryan Carter; Bruce Symons; John J. Triano; Walter Herzog

doi:10.1186/s12998-022-00438-0

Table 3

Angular displacement (degrees) of the head relative to the sternum and VA length change (%) combining data from all donors and clinicians during contralateral CSM thrusts

		Rotation					Lateral flexion
		X	Y	Z	Whole	V3	X	Y	Z	Whole	V3
C1	Mean	1.0	− 8.8	9.7	0.9	1.8	− 2.0	− 5.9	0.1	0.8	1.8
	SD	3.4	2.0	3.3	0.8	1.4	1.6	3.0	4.1	1.2	1.8
	Minimum	− 2.9	− 11.8	6.2	0.2	0.0	− 5.0	− 10.1	− 3.9	− 1.3	0.0
	Maximum	5.2	− 6.5	14.6	2.2	3.1	− 0.5	− 2.8	7.6	1.9	3.7
C2	Mean	0.9	− 7.0	9.7	0.6	0.9	− 2.3	− 5.6	− 0.3	1.6	2.0
	SD	2.8	3.0	3.2	0.4	1.0	3.3	5.7	2.2	1.2	2.6
	Minimum	− 2.6	− 10.3	5.4	0.2	0.0	− 7.3	− 11.5	− 4.0	0.1	0.0
	Maximum	4.2	− 2.6	13.6	1.1	2.2	1.8	4.4	2.3	3.6	6.0
C3	Mean	0.5	− 9.1	8.3	1.4	2.2	− 3.8	− 7.4	1.6	1.4	1.1
	SD	4.5	5.7	2.7	0.7	2.7	2.9	4.2	4.3	2.0	1.9
	Minimum	− 3.6	− 19.3	3.9	0.2	0.0	− 7.1	− 15.1	− 3.1	− 1.4	− 1.3
	Maximum	9.1	− 3.7	11.0	2.3	5.8	− 0.3	− 4.3	8.8	4.2	4.2
C4	Mean	0.1	− 8.2	7.4	1.0	1.3	− 4.3	− 6.0	1.8	1.8	0.7
	SD	2.0	3.9	2.5	0.7	1.8	4.5	2.3	6.8	1.7	2.1
	Minimum	− 2.5	− 14.5	5.1	− 0.3	− 0.7	− 10.1	− 10.1	− 7.8	0.0	− 1.3
	Maximum	3.5	− 3.8	11.6	1.6	3.5	1.0	− 3.6	12.9	4.4	3.9
C5	Mean	− 1.3	− 5.4	4.5	1.1	1.0	− 3.7	− 6.3	3.6	0.9	1.8
	SD	1.0	2.6	1.9	0.6	1.3	1.7	2.6	6.1	1.7	2.4
	Minimum	− 3.2	− 8.5	2.2	0.3	0.0	− 6.6	− 9.0	− 2.8	− 2.0	− 0.2
	Maximum	− 0.2	− 1.9	7.0	1.8	3.3	− 1.8	− 3.2	11.9	2.5	5.8
C6	Mean	− 0.7	− 8.3	7.5	1.2	1.4	− 4.6	− 5.2	0.8	1.5	1.7
	SD	3.5	1.6	2.6	0.2	1.5	2.3	3.2	6.4	0.7	2.0
	Minimum	− 7.7	− 10.9	3.3	1.0	0.0	− 6.1	− 8.8	− 4.9	0.6	0.0
	Maximum	1.7	− 6.3	10.4	1.5	4.0	− 1.2	− 1.3	9.9	2.3	3.9
C7	Mean	− 0.3	− 8.4	6.1	0.9	1.3	− 2.8	− 5.7	0.7	0.7	0.5
	SD	2.7	2.4	3.1	0.5	2.4	3.1	1.5	5.8	0.7	1.1
	Minimum	− 4.3	− 12.3	2.7	0.2	− 1.1	− 6.7	− 7.9	− 6.5	0.0	− 0.8
	Maximum	2.8	− 6.3	10.4	1.6	4.4	1.4	− 3.7	10.6	1.9	2.3

Contralateral manipulations involve ipsilateral head rotation; positive kinematic values indicate flexion, left lateral flexion and left rotation; positive VA length changes indicate elongation of the vessel

X, coronal axis; Y, sagittal axis; Z, transverse axis; SD, standard deviation; whole, whole VA; V3, V3 segment of VA