Associations Between Early Chiropractic Care and Physical Therapy on Subsequent Opioid Use Among Persons With Low Back Pain in Arkansas

Mahip Acharya; Divyan Chopra; Allen M. Smith; Julie M. Fritz; Bradley C. Martin

doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2022.02.007

Table 1

Cohort Selection Flow Chart for Patients With Low Back Pain

Criteria Number of Individuals Number of Individuals Lost
Individuals with low-back pain as primary or secondary diagnosis between July 1, 2013, and June 30, 2017, in a visit with primary care physicians, urgent care, or emergency department (index date) 253,388 Not applicable

Individuals with no opioid prescription in 6 mo before the index date (baseline) 86,903 166,485

Individuals with no low-back pain diagnosis in baseline (incident diagnosis) 77,476 9,427

Individuals with continuous enrollment in baseline 70,762 6,714

Individuals with continuous enrollment in the 12 mo post–index date (follow-up period) 68,242 2,520

Individuals ≥18 y of age on index date 58,590 9,652

Individuals ≤63 y of age on index date 50,454 8,136

Individuals with both medical and pharmacy benefits and non-Medicare insurance in the study period 47,864 2,590

Individuals without cancer in the baseline 46,759 1,105

Individuals without osteomyelitis, cauda equina, lumbar/pelvic fracture, and quadriplegia/paraplegia in the baseline 46,599 160

Individuals without cancer in the follow-up period 44,890 1,709

Individuals without osteomyelitis, cauda equina, lumbar/pelvic fracture, and quadriplegia/paraplegia in the follow-up period 44,105 785

Individuals without buprenorphine-naloxone as the first opioid prescription after the index date 44,084 21

Individuals without missing/unknown sex 40,929 3,155

Criteria	Number of Individuals	Number of Individuals Lost
Individuals with low-back pain as primary or secondary diagnosis between July 1, 2013, and June 30, 2017, in a visit with primary care physicians, urgent care, or emergency department (index date)	253,388	Not applicable

Individuals with no opioid prescription in 6 mo before the index date (baseline)	86,903	166,485

Individuals with no low-back pain diagnosis in baseline (incident diagnosis)	77,476	9,427

Individuals with continuous enrollment in baseline	70,762	6,714

Individuals with continuous enrollment in the 12 mo post–index date (follow-up period)	68,242	2,520

Individuals ≥18 y of age on index date	58,590	9,652

Individuals ≤63 y of age on index date	50,454	8,136

Individuals with both medical and pharmacy benefits and non-Medicare insurance in the study period	47,864	2,590

Individuals without cancer in the baseline	46,759	1,105

Individuals without osteomyelitis, cauda equina, lumbar/pelvic fracture, and quadriplegia/paraplegia in the baseline	46,599	160

Individuals without cancer in the follow-up period	44,890	1,709

Individuals without osteomyelitis, cauda equina, lumbar/pelvic fracture, and quadriplegia/paraplegia in the follow-up period	44,105	785

Individuals without buprenorphine-naloxone as the first opioid prescription after the index date	44,084	21

Individuals without missing/unknown sex	40,929	3,155